STEMS 119 



Reference Work 



What causes the grain in wood? 



What is quartered oak? 



How is it produced? 



Visit a sawmill and see how logs are reduced to various 

 kinds of lumber. 



Visit the woods when possible and see how timber is 

 gauged, cut, taken to mill, etc. 



Collect as many varieties of lumber as possible and see 

 if you can find rings, rays, pith, bark, etc., in all. Find out 

 from a carpenter what kinds of wood are used for each of 

 the following parts of a house: frame, floors, roofs, clap- 

 boards, inside work, shingles; also what kinds of lumber 

 shrink and warp in seasoning. 



Find out from observation and inquiry what kind of wood 

 is used for making violins, flutes, piano cases and sounding 

 boards, tubs, pails, baskets, barrel staves, hoops, and heads, 

 athletic goods such as dumb-bells, clubs, and bowling imple- 

 ments. 



Why are hoe handles usually of ash and canoe paddles of 

 spruce? 



110. TWIGS 



Object. To find out the parts and markings of a 

 twig and their meaning- 



Apparatus. Twigs of horse-chestnut at least two years old. 

 Forked twigs are greatly preferred since they show details not al- 

 ways seen on straight ones. A sharp knife is also required. 



Method. Carefully examine the twig and answer the 

 following questions regarding it: 



The Buds. How are the buds arranged on the twig ? 



