34 FLORA. 



oblong-cylindric, pale, 3.5-5 cm. long, 12-17 mm - thick before the scales open; 

 scales almost membranous, their margins usually quite entire ; bracts incised. 

 Newf. to Huds. Bay and Alaska, south to Me., N. N. Y., Mich., the Black 

 Hills, Mont, and Br. Col. Sometimes with a strong, skunk-like odor. April- 

 May. (P. alba Link.) 



2. Picea Mariana (Mill. ) B. S. P. BLACK SPRUCE. RED SPRUCE. (I. F. f. 

 122 and 123.) A tree, sometimes 35 m. high, the trunk sometimes reaching a 

 diameter of 3.3 m., the branches spreading, the bark smooth or only slightly 

 roughened. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata pubescent or glabrate; leaves thickly 

 covering the twigs, green, stout, straight or curved, rarely more than 16 mm. 

 long, obtuse or acuminate or merely mucronate at the apex; cones oval or ovoid, 

 2-5 cm. long, mostly persistent on the twigs for two or more seasons, their scales 

 with entire, lacerate or erose margins. Newf. to Huds. Bay and the N. W. Terr., 

 south to N. J., N. C., Mich, and Minn. Tree very variable in the size of cones 

 and in the thickness of its leaves; the leaves of the lower branches often very sharp- 

 pointed, while those of the upper are blunt or mucronate. May-June. (/>. nigra.) 



3. Picea brevifolia Peck. SWAMP SPRUCE. (I. F. f. i22a.) A small slender 

 tree, or on mountains reduced to a shrub. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata glabrous, 

 or slightly pubescent; leaves nearly straight, mostly glaucous, obtuse, or merely 

 mucronate, stout, 4-12 mm. long; cones oval, persistent for two seasons or more, 

 1.5-3 cm. long, the scales with eroded margins. In swamps and bogs, Vt. to Ont., 

 N. N. Y. and Mich. June. 



4. TSOGA Carr. j 



Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly 

 linear scattered short-petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2 -ranked, jointed to 

 very short sterigmata and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate 

 aments axillary, short or subglobose; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs transversely dehis- 

 cent, the connective slightly produced beyond them; pollen-grains simple. Ovule- 

 bearing aments terminal, the scales about as long as the bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed 

 ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous, their scales scarcely 

 woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat winged. [Name Japanese.] About 7 

 species, the following of E. N. Am., 2 in N. W. N. Am., 2 or 3 Asiatic. 



Cones 1-2 cm. long, their scales remaining appressed. I. T. Canadensis. 



Cones 2.5-3 cm ' l n g) the i r scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. Caroliniana. 



1. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 124.) A tall forest 

 tree, sometimes 35 m. high, the trunk reaching 1.6 m. in diameter, the lower 

 branches somewhat drooping, the old bark flaky in scales. Foliage dense; leaves 

 obtuse, flat, 12-18 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, dark green above, pale beneath, 

 the petiole less than one-half as long as the width of the blade; cones oblong, 

 obtuse, as long as or slightly longer than the leaves, their scales suborbicular, 

 obtuse, minutely lacerate or entire, not widely spreading at maturity. N. S. to 

 Minn., south to Del., along the Alleghenies to Ga. and Ala. and to Mich, and Wis. 

 April-May. 



2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. CAROLINA HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 125.) A 

 forest tree attaining a maximum height of about 27 m. and a trunk diameter of 

 1.3 m., the lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, rather light 

 green above, nearly white beneath, 14-22 mm. long, the petiole nearly as long as 

 the width of the blade; cones 2.5-3 cm. long, the scales firm but scarcely woody, 

 oblong, obtuse, widely spreading at maturity. S. W. Va. to S. Car. and Ga. in the 

 mountains. April. 



5. ABIES Juss. 



Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to 

 appear 2 -ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to steris>mata, and 

 commonly quite persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of 

 their bases. Staminate aments axillary ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 



