PROVINCES OF MOLLUSCA. 



bus alatus, also characteristic of the Gulf of Mexico. 

 floridus, which ranges to the Society Islands, S. Luhuanus, 

 mutabilis, are common to the Philippine Islands and Moluccas, 

 while the typical Philippine species comprise S. succinctus, S. pul- 

 chellus, S. vittatus, S. bulbulus, S. crispatus, S. dentatus, S. epidro- 

 mis, S. samarensis, S. guttatus, S. minimus, S. Isabella, S. labiosus, 

 S. laciniatus, S. marginatus, S. leutiginosus, S. latissimus, S. papilio. 

 The Strombus auris-Diance is common to Malacca and some other 

 parts of the coast of Southern Asia. S. rugosus ranges north to 

 the Korea. S. Japonicus is peculiar to Japan. Strombus urceus 

 ranges from the Philippines to the north of Australia, while S. 

 variabilis ranges to Australia on the one hand, and .Zanzibar on 

 the other. Both these regions are small Stromb centres ; the 

 former includes, in addition to the two species already named, 

 S. fusiformis, S. deformis, S. Australis, and S. Campbelli. New 

 Zealand has the Strombus Novce-Zealandice. On the Zanzibar coast, 

 in addition to the S. variabilis is the S. columba, which probably 

 ranges to India and the Philippines. The Mauritius yields S. Mauri- 

 tianus, and Bourbon has S. cylindricus. There are at least three 

 species at the Society Islands. Strombus granulatus of the Galo- 

 pagos, and the S. gracilior of Panama, are common to St. Helena. 

 The West Indian types include, besides species already mentioned, 

 Strombus Peruvianus, S. galeatus, S. pugilis, S. gigas, S. bubonius, 

 also found at the Cape Verd Islands, S. accipitrinus, and S. bitubercu- 

 latus. 1 Thus the geographical areas of the groups of species are highly 

 suggestive of antecedent physical circumstances governing distribution 

 of faunas, and the student may bring this knowledge to bear in 

 palseontological studies. 



S. P. Woodward's Provinces of Marine Life. The distribution 

 of marine life in provinces justifies a recognition of tropical, tempe- 

 rate, and arctic zones. In so far as these are defined by the mollusca, 

 we are still indebted for definition of the provinces to the work of the 

 late Dr. S. P. Woodward. 2 He recognised eighteen marine provinces, 

 of which the Indo-Pacific, West African, Caribbean, Panamic, and 

 Peruvian may be accounted tropical, unless the Peruvian be included 

 in the southern temperate with the Patagonian, South African, and 

 Australian regions. In the northern parts of the world, warm tempe- 

 rate and cold temperate faunas are recognised. Thus in the Pacific 

 the Calif ornian and Japonic are warm temperate, and the Aleutian 

 cold temperate, while in the Atlantic the Gulf weed divides the trans- 

 atlantic province of the United States seaboard from the Lusitanian 

 province, which extends into the Mediterranean; the colder temperate 

 area reaches from Nova Scotia across the Atlantic, and widens out 

 with the Gulf Stream to the north of Norway, forming the provinces 

 which Forbes and S. P. Woodward termed Boreal and Celtic. There 

 remains an Antarctic province, which is named Magellanic, which 

 includes the southern part of South America ; and a large Arctic pro- 



1 See Lovell Reeve : " Conchologia Iconica." 

 3 "Manual of the Mollusca," 1851-1856. 



