458 NORTH TEMPERATE PROVINCES. 



vince, which extends southward with the Arctic currents to Iceland 

 and Newfoundland in the Atlantic and the Aleutian Isles in the 

 Pacific. These provinces may be taken to represent at least as many 

 survivals from faunas which have been fossilised in seas neighbouring 

 to those in which they now exist. Dr. S. P. Woodward placed upon 

 a map some facts in the distribution of genera, which, from a philo- 

 sophical point of view, are more valuable than the enumeration of 

 species ; and to this reference should be made. We now enumerate 

 a few of the typical genera l of the several provinces, grouped as 

 (i) Arctic, (2) Temperate, (3) Tropical. 



Arctic Province. Includes Buccinum, Chrysodomus, Trophon, 

 Admete, Trichotropis, Velutina, Lacuna, Astarte, Cyprina, which are 

 perhaps most characteristic of the Old World ; while the Arctic part 

 of the New World includes Margarita, Crenella, Rhynchonella, Tere- 

 bratella, Yoldia, Glycimeris, Solecurtus, Crepidula, Scalaria, Natica. 



Magellanic Province. This comprises many of the Arctic types, 

 showing that the Arctic and Antarctic life are really continuous, but 

 exist as deep-sea species in the intervening temperate and tropical 

 areas. Among the Arctic genera common to the Magellanic province 

 may be mentioned Chrysodomus, Trophon, Trichotropis, Margarita, 

 Rhynchonella, Crenella, and Astarte, to which may be added Voluta, 

 Modiolarca, and Mytilus. 



Cold Temperate Zone. The Boreal and Celtic Provinces repre- 

 sent a large part of the life which is influenced by the Gulf Stream. 

 This circumstance accounts for the narrowness of its seaboard on the 

 Canadian coast and its great expansion northward from the mouth of 

 the English Channel. There is much to be said in favour of the sub- 

 division of this region into Scandinavian, Germanic, and Celtic, and 

 any sub-division must recognise the fact that the upheaval of Scandi- 

 navia distributed life in a different direction to that produced by the 

 elevation of the Alpine axis. Among the typical genera of the nor- 

 thern part of the province are Terebratulina, Waldheimia, Trivia, 

 Cryptodon, Panopea, with Crania, Astarte, Cyprina. The southern 

 or Celtic part includes Patella, Litorina, Cardium, Tellina, Donax, 

 Ostrea, Pecten, Thetis, Aporrhais. 



Aleutian Region. The corresponding Aleutian region in the 

 Pacific presents life which may be regarded as only separated from 

 that of the British seas by the elevation of the intervening land. It 

 comprises the genera Panopsea, Crepidula, Chrysodomus, Purpura, 

 Buccinum, Pleurotoma, Haliotis. 



Warm Temperate Zone. The Calif ornian Region gives a good 

 example of the life of the warm temperate region reaching almost 

 as far south as the tropic of Cancer. Among the genera are Chiton, 

 Patella, Haliotis, Fissurella, Cypricardia, Waldheimia. 



Japonic Province. The Japanese islands and Corea among others 

 comprise the genera Astarte, Panopea, Conus, Terebra, Murex, 



1 Such genera may be examined in the Natural History Collection of almost 

 any public museum, but the student would do well to obtain examples of genera 

 for further study. 



