SOUTH TEMPERATE PROVINCES. 459 



Cyprea, Haliotis, Pecten, Nucula, Crassatella, Diplodonta, Isocardia, 

 Artemis. In latitude and in life this region represents the Lusi- 

 tanian province. 



Lusitanian Province. This area includes the Bay of Biscay, the 

 coast of Portugal, Mediterranean, and north-west coast of Africa. 

 Among its characteristic genera are Conus, Pleurotoma, Terebra, 

 Cassis, Triton, Vermetus, Solarium, Turbo, Haliotis, Spondylus, 

 Avicula, Chama, Crassatella, Cardita, Cytherea, and Columbella. 

 Among characteristic Mediterranean genera are Fasciolaria, Sili- 

 quaria, Clavagella, Thecidium, Cassidaria. The fauna includes many 

 minor types, especially in the islands of the north-east of Africa and of 

 the Mediterranean. 



The Trans-Atlantic Province. On the opposite side of the Atlantic, 

 extending southward from New England to Florida, is a fauna which 

 varies with latitude, but comprises Conus, Oliva, Fasciolaria, Avicula, 

 Artemis, Lutraria in the south, and Nassa, Columbella, Eanella, Sca- 

 laria, Calyptrsea, Bulla, Area, and Solemya. 



Southern Temperate Zone. The warmer temperate fauna is repre- 

 sented south of the tropic of Capricorn, though on the Peruvian coast 

 of America it reaches northward to near the equator. This correspon- 

 dence may be taken to indicate that the life is not really severed by 

 the intervening faunas of tropical regions, but only descends in the 

 intervening areas to greater depths. 



The Patagonian Province. This fauna has presumably been sepa- 

 rated from the Peruvian province by the upheaval of South America, 

 and many characteristic living species are found far inland in raised 

 beaches. Among the characteristic genera are Oliva, Voluta, Tere- 

 bra, Scalaria, Natica, Chiton, Solen, Lutraria, Nucula, Leda, Cytherea, 

 Corbula, Pinna, Mytilus, Litthodomus, Pecten, Ostrea, besides some 

 forms like Plicatula, Lucina, and Venus, of which species range to the 

 Antilles. 



South African Province. The fauna of South Africa has much in 

 common with that of the Indian Ocean, but very few species range as 

 far north as the Red Sea, and fewer still to Senegal. The character- 

 istic genera comprise Terebratella, Chiton, Patella, Fissurella, Crepi- 

 dula, Trochus, Littorina, Phasianella, Tumtella, Pleurotoma, Typhis, 

 Triton, Nassa, Columbella, Mitra, Voluta, Cyprea, ' Conus, most of 

 which are represented by several species. 



Australian Province. The Australian province includes the 

 southern half of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Among the 

 characteristic types are Struthiolaria, Trigonia, Chamostrea, Myadora, 

 Myochama, Crassatella, Cardita, Cypricardia, Oliva, Conus, Voluta, 

 Fasciolaria, Pandora, Terebratella, "Waldheimia, and Crania. Ehyn- 

 chonella is common to the Arctic Seas, and Panopea is not known 

 nearer than Japan. Haliotis is common with Litorina on the shores 

 of South Australia, while New Zealand yields Voluta, Strombus, 

 Triton, Conus, Oliva, Cyprea, &c. 



Peruvian Province. Includes the Pacific coast of South America, 

 .from Callao to Valparaiso. The genera comprise Chiton, Patella, 



