SUCCESSION OF ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES. 505 



ranus, and many other living genera, occur in the Tertiary of Monte 

 Bolca, where the perch of the Nile and Ganges, Lates, is also found. 

 The Squamipinnes are also well represented at Monte Bolca, and in the 

 Calcaire Grossier of the Paris basin by Holacanthus, Pomacanthus, 

 Ephippium, Scalophagus of the Indian seas, and Toxotes. The sea- 

 breams, though found in the Cretaceous of Lebanon in the living 

 genera Sargus and Pagellus, are known in the older Tertiary from 

 extinct genera, Sparnodus Sargodon, &c. The genus Scorpcena is 

 found in the Lower Tertiary of Oran, Beryx dates back to the Chalk, 

 and many allied genera occur in Cretaceous rocks ; while Holocentrum 

 and Myripristis are allies from the Tertiary of Monte Bolca. Sword- 

 fishes occur in the Chalk, and are represented in the London clay and 

 Lower Tertiary by the extinct genus Ccelorhynchus. The TrichiuridaB 

 are represented in the Cretaceous rocks by Enchodus, and Anenchelum 

 occurs with other typical genera in the Lower Tertiary. The schists 

 of Glarus yield Palceorhynchus, and Hemirliynchus is found in the 

 Paris basin. Acantliurus and Naseus are both represented in Monte 

 Bolca. The Horse-Mackerel group is represented in Cretaceous rocks by 

 Platax, Vomer, &c. ; but many other living types occur at Monte Bolca 

 and in newer Tertiary beds. Among extinct genera are Semiophorm 

 and Pseudovomer. The John Dory, Zeus, is found in Tertiary rocks, 

 GoniognatJius is a fossil of Sheppey, and Mene occurs at Monte Bolca. 



The Scomberoid fishes are not known prior to the Lower Tertiary, 

 in which the mackerel, Scomber, and tunny, Thynnus, are common. 

 The Eocene schists of Glarus yield extinct genera, Isurus and Pal- 

 imphyes. The Trachinidae, carnivorous bottom-feeding fish, are repre- 

 sented in the Lower Tertiary rocks by Callipteryx. Two or more 

 gurnards, Trigla, and fishes closely allied to the Miller's Thumbs, 

 Coitus, are found in the Lower Tertiary. The flying gurnard, Dady- 

 lopterus, is represented in the Chalk of Lebanon by Petalopteryx. 

 Gobies first appear in the Chalk ; the Blennies are doubtfully repre- 

 sented in the Lower Tertiaries of Monte Bolca, but the Barracudas 

 are represented in the Chalk and London clay by Hypsodon, Portheus, 

 and Saurocephalus ; and Sphyrcena is common in the Lower Tertiary. 



The living Atherina is represented in the Monte Bolca beds by 

 Mesagaster ; the grey mullets do not occur prior to the Tertiary 

 period. The great marine Sticklebacks are another group which 

 appear with the Lower Tertiary, Fistularia and Aulostoma being found 

 at Monte Bolca and Glarus. The remarkable AmpTiisile, sheathed in 

 dorsal armour, is another Monte Bolca fossil. 



The Pharyngognathi have the pharyngeal bones in the gullet 

 blended together. They include four families. The Pomacentridae 

 are represented at Monte Bolca by Odonteus, allied to the living 

 Heliastes. The Wrasses are represented by many labroid genera in 

 the Lower Tertiary, such as Egertonia, from the London Clay ; Pliyl- 

 lodus and other types occur in the Miocene, while the genus Labrus 

 is found in the Swiss molasse. 



The Anacanthini or soft-finned fishes comprise the Cod tribe and 

 the flat fishes. The Ganoid group is not abundant in a fossil state. 



