iv PREFACE 



series of plant types (Chapters II-XIII), arranged in an ascending 

 series; then follows (Chapters XIV-XVIII) a discussion of the 

 varied forms and uses of the conspicuous organs of seed plants 

 and (Chapter XIX) of the classification of angiosperms ; and 

 finally (Chapters XX-XXIV) there is a brief consideration of 

 some of the more important practical aspects and applications of 

 botany. 



If the course in botany occupies less than a year, or if it begins 

 at midyear or in the spring, it is plain that the work here outlined 

 will require abridgment, or modification in the order of topics, or 

 both. The teacher should, therefore, feel free to select from and 

 to rearrange the material given in the textbook. There are other 

 reasons why the teacher should not be too closely bound by the 

 arrangement of matter in the text ; local needs and conditions must 

 be carefully considered if the greatest possible effectiveness is to 

 be attained. For courses which begin at other times than in the 

 fall, or for which less than a year is allowed, the following modifi- 

 cations are suggested : 



For a year beginning in February, Chapter I may be studied first, 

 with the substitution if necessary of the flowers of some of the 

 plants suggested in the laboratory directions (page 391) ; this may 

 be followed by Chapters XIV to XIX, then by Chapters II to 

 XIII, and these in turn by Chapters XX to XXIV. 



For a course of two terms only, beginning in the spring ("spring 

 and fall botany"), the outline given in the preceding paragraph 

 may be followed, with the omission of Chapters III, VII (or VIII), 

 XIII, and XX to XXIV. 



For a half-year's course beginning in the fall, we recommend 

 the following order: Chapters I, II, IV, V, VI, IX, X, XI (139- 

 153), XII, XIV to XVIII (abbreviating the laboratory work out- 

 lined in connection with the latter five chapters). 



For a half-year's course starting in February, we recommend 

 beginning with Chapter I, substituting the flowers of other plants 

 for those of the cucumber; this may be followed by Chapters 

 XIV to XVIII, abbreviating the laboratory work suggested in 

 connection with these chapters, then by Chapters II, IV, V, VI, 

 IX, X, XI ( 139-153), and XII. 



Special emphasis should be laid upon the importance of laboratory 



