130 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL BOTANY 



preserve clothing from the attack of insects. The roots are made into 

 fans and worked into slips of bamboo to form the screens used to mitigate 

 the heat in India. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



CARRIER, LYMAN: The Identification of Grasses by their Vegetative Characters. Bull. 



461, U. S. Department of Agriculture, January 19, 1917. 

 CLARK, GEO. H. and WALTER, M. OSCAR: Fodder and Pasture Plants. Department of 



Agriculture, Dominion of Canada, Ottawa, 1913. 

 LE MAOUT, EMM and DECAISNE, J., transl. by MRS. HOOKER: A System of Botany, 



Descriptive and Analytical. London, 1873, pages 880-892. 

 LINDLEY, JOHN: The Vegetable Kingdom. London, 1853, pages io6-n6&. 

 RENDLE, ALFRED B. : The Classification of Plants. Vol. i, Cambridge at the University 



Press, 1904, pages 220-241. 

 ROBBINS, WILFRED W.: The Botany of Crop Plants. A Text and Reference Book. 



P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, 1917, pages 69-90. 



LABORATORY WORK 



i. As this part of the botanical study will come in the early spring months fresh 

 grasses, such as sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum), orchard grass (Dactylis 

 glomerata), perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne) and Kentucky blue grass (Poa 

 pratensis) may be studied. If this chapter is reached in the dead of winter, dried 

 spikes of the common rye or any other large grass may be used to begin the study 

 of the structure of the grass spikelet, glumes, lemma, palea, stamens, ovary and 

 plumose styles. Whole rye plants, or other suitable grasses, should be gathered by the 

 teacher just before the stamens protrude from the chaffy scales of the spikelet. 

 Several hundred plants can be tied together with string and the bundle wrapped in 

 newspaper to protect the plants from dust and hard usage. Such dried plants are 

 almost as satisfactory for a detailed study of the rye as fresh specimens. Other 

 grasses preserved in a similar way should be used for comparison with the rye. The 

 drill should be on the structure of the spikelets and florets of each kind. Drawings 

 should be made. 



2. Kernels of corn, wheat and oats should be drawn and at the same time examined 

 by the class. Attention should be drawn to all of the points in the external morphology 

 of such grains. 



3. Cut longitudinal and cross sections with a pen knife of both dry and soaked 

 kernels of the above cereals and others, if time permits. Attention should be drawn 

 o the varieties of corn as shown in section for starchy oil and protein. Treat 

 the cut surfaces with iodine, which brings out nicely the relative position of embryo 

 and reserve starch. 



4. The class should be provided with stained sections of wheat for microscopic 

 study to show pericarp, aleurone layer and starchy endosperm. 



