CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 431 



only on the lower surface, close to the epidermis of which are the two lateral 

 resin-ducts. 



1. P. Douglash, Carr. A large tree, 150 to over 300 feet high, 6 to 

 15 feet in diameter, with very thick brown deeply fissured bark : leaves flat, 

 linear, 8 to 12 lines or more long: cones 2 to 4 inches long, subcylindrical ; 

 bracts more or less exsert and spreading or reflexed, giving a fringed ap- 

 pearance to the cones : seeds triangular, on the upper side convex and red- 

 dish brown, on the lower flat and white, 3 lines long. Abies Douglasti, 

 Lindl. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and those of California, reaching 

 its greatest proportions in Oregon. 



4. PICE A, Link. SPRUCE. 



Tall pyramidal trees, with white soft tough timber : leaves spirally ar- 

 ranged around the branchlets, or somewhat 2-ranked. 



1. P. Engelmanni, Eng. A tall pyramidal tree, 60 to 100 feet high, 

 with horizontal branches ; bark thin, scaly, reddish or purplish-brown ; branc/ilets 

 pubescent: leaves 6 to 15 lines long: fertile aments 9 to 10 lines long, dark pur- 

 ple: cone solitary, ovate-cylindric, about 2 lines long, reddish brown; scales 

 obovate-rhombic, subtruncate or emarginate, erose. Abies Engelmanni, Parry. 

 In the mountains from New Mexico to Montana and Oregon, forming exten- 

 sive forests. 



2 P. pungens, Eng. Of strictly conical growth, with spreading 

 branches ; bark thick, smooth, and gra>/, in older trees becoming very thick, 

 hard and ridged; branchlets smooth and shining: leaves 6 to 12 lines long, 

 more punr/ent : fertile aments 15 to 20 lines long, with pale shining rounded scales: 

 cones abundant, solitary or clustered, cylindrical, drooping, 2 to 5 inches long, 

 light brown ; scales ocal or subrhombic, more or less elongated above, undulate 

 and refuse. The form in the Rocky Mountains heretofore called Abies Men- 

 ziesii, which latter has a much more northwestward range and now bears the 

 name Picea Sitchensis, Carr. Commonly called " Balsam." 



5. P I N U S, Tourn., Link. PINE. 



Trees, usually not so large as in the preceding genera, nor often of such 

 pyramidal habit, with wood of the greatest value : primary leaves (only on 

 seedlings and young shoots) flat, subulate and serrulate ; the secondary in bun- 

 dles, needle-shaped, terete, semiterete, or triangular, depending on the number 

 in a bundle. 



1. Scales slightli/ if at all thickened at the end and wholli/ destitute of prickle 

 or point : leaves in fives, with resin-ducts close to the epidermis, their sheaths 

 loose and deciduous : cones subterminal. STROBUS. In ours the leaves are 

 entire or nearly so, and the cones subsessile. 



1 . P. flexilis, James. A tree about 60 feet high and 3 to 5 feet thick, 

 with furrowed gray bark : leaves l to 2 inches long : cones oval to subcylin- 

 dric, 3 to 5 inches long, light brown, with somewhat squarrose scales. 

 Long's Exped. ii. 27. In the mountains from New Mexico to Montana and 

 westward. 



