Cytotoxic Serums 105 



hour. The disturbances in the body of the animal are 

 sufficient to account for the symptoms. Extensive lesions 

 exist. The first to be described by Rosenau * affecting 

 the mucous membrane of the stomach, which appeared 

 ecchymotic and ulcerated. Gay and Southard f found hem- 

 orrhages in most of the organs. To the substance causing 

 anaphylaxis, Gay and Southard have given the name ana- 

 phylactin. Besredka and SteinhardtJ found that by the 

 repeated injection of horse serum into guinea-pigs, the in- 

 tervals being too short to permit anaphylaxis, antianaphy- 

 lactin could be prepared. 



During the progress of these investigations the infectious 

 diseases were at no time forgotten, and as promptly as new 

 biological facts were discovered they were made use of to 

 elucidate the obscure problems of infection and immunity. 



That bacteria subjected to the action of blood-serum in 

 a test-tube were diminished in virulence or killed, was first 

 observed by Traube and Gescheidel, in 1874, and further 

 investigated by Grohmann,|| in 1884, von Fodor,** in 1890, 

 carefully studied by Nuttall,ft in l888 > and referred by 

 BuchnerJJ to solvents of a ferment nature to which he 

 applied the name alexin, were many times repeated and con- 

 firmed. Pfeiffer and Kolle showed that the bacteriolytic 

 quality of the serum was intensified in experimental immu- 

 nization, and BordetHII showed that the processes of hemo- 

 lysis and bacteriolysis were identical so far as the factors 

 engaged were concerned. " PfeifTer's phenomenon" became 

 susceptible of easy interpretation, and many facts of immu- 

 nity formerly obscure were cleared up. 



*"Bull. No. 32 of the Hygienic Laboratory," Washington, D. C , 

 October, 1906. 



f'Jour. Med. Research," July, 1908, xix, No. i, pp. i, 5, 17. 

 |"Ann. de 1'Inst. Pasteur," xxi, No. 2, February 25, 1907, pp. 

 117-127. 



" Jahresber. der Schles. Ges. f. vaterl. Kultur," 1874. 

 || " Untersuchungen aus dem physiol. Institut zu Dorpat," Dorpat, 

 1884, Kriiger. 



** "Centralbl. f. Bakt.," etc., 1890, vn, p. 753. 

 tt "Zeitschrift fur Hygiene," 1888, iv, p. 353. 



tj "Centralbl. f. Bakt.," etc., v, p. 817; vi, p. i; 561; XH, No. 24; 

 "Berliner klin. Wochenschrif t, " 1892, p. 449; "Miinchener med. Woch- 

 enschrift," 1892, Nos. 8 and 52; 1894, Nos. 24 and 25, pp. 717 and 744. 

 "Centralbl. f. Bakt.," etc., xx. 

 Ill) "Ann. de I'Inst. Pasteur," xn, 1898. 



