556 Typhoid Fever 



suffering from cholecystitis, eighteen years after recovery 

 from an attack of typhoid fever, and the case of Dean,* 

 who found them in the stools of a man twenty-nine years 

 after he had had typhoid fever, and who had probably been 

 carrying them about in his gall-bladder ever since. Gush- 

 ing f invariably found the bacilli in the bile in clumps 

 resembling the agglutinations of the Widal reaction. He 

 thinks it probable that these clumps form nuclei upon which 

 bile salts can be precipitated and calculus formation begun. 

 The presence of gall-stones, together with the long-lived 

 infective agents, may at any subsequent time provoke a 

 cholecystitis. Gushing collected six cases of operation for 

 cholecystitis with calculi in which typhoid bacilli were 

 present, and five in which Bacillus coli communis was 

 present in the gall-bladder. 



Lower Animals. Typhoid fever is communicable to 

 animals with difficulty. They are not infected by bacilli 

 contained in fecal matter or by pure cultures mixed with 

 the food, and are not injured by the injection of blood from 

 typhoid patients. Gaffky failed completely to produce any 

 symptoms suggestive of typhoid fever in rabbits, guinea- 

 pigs, white rats, mice, pigeons, chickens, and calves, and 

 found that Java apes could feed daily upon food polluted 

 with typhoid germs for a considerable time, yet without 

 symptoms. Grunbaum t produced typhoid fever in the 

 chimpanzee by inoculation with the Eberth-Gaffky bacillus. 

 This seems to prove its specific nature. The introduction 

 of virulent cultures into the abdominal cavity of animals is 

 followed by peritonitis. 



Germano and Maurea found that mice succumbed in 

 from one to three days after intraperitoneal injection of 

 i or 2 c.c. of a twenty-four hour old bouillon culture. 

 Subcutaneous injections in rabbits and dogs caused ab- 

 scesses. 



Losener found the introduction of 3 mgr. of an agar-agar 

 culture into the abdominal cavity of guinea-pigs to be 

 fatal. 



When the gastric contents of animals are rendered alka- 

 line, a large quantity of laudanum injected into the perito- 



* "British Medical Journal," March 7, 1908, I, p. 562. 

 f " Bull, of the Johns Hopkins Hospital," ix, No. 86. 

 I "Brit. Med. Jour.," April 9, 1904. 

 "Ziegler's Beitrage," Bd. xn, Heft 3, p. 494. 



