ARISTOTLE 



some " portion " of Soul which fulfils this 

 office. 



641 b 10 Thus the universe and the living objects 



in it are the products of something 

 analogous to human art : they are con- 

 trolled by a Final Cause. 



642 a 1 But Necessity also has its place in the 



universe — 



not (1) " absolute " necessity 

 nor (2) " coercive " necessity 

 but (3) " conditional " necessity. 

 These two Causes, the Final Cause and 

 Necessity, set the stage for our piece. 



642 b 5 ch. 2 Criticisms of dichotomy as a method of 



classification of animals. 

 644 all ch. 4 The correct method of classification is by 



groups, such as Birds and Fishes. 



644 a 23 Answer to question (1). 



We must deal with groups, not species (e.g. 

 Bird, not Crane), and where a species does 

 not belong to a larger group, we must deal 

 with species, not individuals (e.g. Man, 

 not Socrates). 



644 b 21 ch. 5 An Exhortation to the study of animals. 



645 b 1 Final summary of the Method, combining 



answers to both the original questions : 



(1) First we discuss the attributes common 

 to a group ; 



(2) Then we give the explanation of them. 



Book II. 

 646 a 8 ch. 1 Purpose and outline of the Treatise : Our 

 subject is the causes of the parts of 

 animals. 

 14 



