PARTS OF ANIMALS, I. i. 



" By earth." But of the two the craftsman will give 

 a better answer, because he will not feel it is sufficient 

 to say merely that a cavity was created here, or a 

 level surface there, by a blow from his tool. He will 

 state the cause'^ on account of which, and the purpose 

 for the sake of which, he made the strokes he did ; 

 and that will be, in order that the wood might finally 

 be formed into this or that shape. 



It must now^ be evident that the statements of the 

 physiologers are unsatisfactory. We have to state 

 how the animal is characterized, i.e., what is the 

 essence and character of the animal itself, as well as 

 describing each of its parts ; just as with the bed we 

 have to state its Form.^ 



Now it may be that the Form of any living creature 

 is Soul,^ or some part of Soul, or something that in- 

 volves Soul. At any rate, when its Soul is gone, it 

 is no longer a living creature, and none of its parts 

 remains the same, except only in shape, just like the 

 animals in the story that were turned into stone. 

 If, then, this is really so, it is the business of the 

 student of Natural science to inform himself con- 

 cerning Soul, and to treat of it in his exposition ; 

 not, perhaps, in its entirety, but of that special part 

 of it which causes the living creature to be such as it 

 is. He must say what Soul, or that special part of 

 Soul, is ; and when he has said what its essence is, 

 he must treat of the attributes which are attached 

 to an essence of that character. This is especially 

 necessary, because the term " nature " is used — 

 rightly — in two senses : (a) meaning " matter," and 

 (6) meaning " essence " (the latter including both 

 the "Efficient"^ Cause and the "End"). It is, of 

 course, in this latter sense that the entire Soul or 



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