PARTS OF ANIMALS, IV. x. 



mammae in those that have many, and these are the 

 ones that yield the most milk. An illustration of 

 this is the case of the sow : a sow will offer the 

 first of its mammae to the first ones of the litter. 

 Thus, where the first of an animal's litter amounts 

 to one and no more, such an animal must possess 

 these first mammae, and " the first mammae " means 

 those under the axillae. This explains, then, the 

 number and position of the elephant's mammae. 

 The animals that have large litters have their mammae 

 upon the abdomen. Why is this ? They have 

 numerous young to feed, and so they need numerous 

 mammae. Now as the body has two sides, right and 

 left, the mammae cannot be more than two deep 

 across the body, and so they have to be disposed 

 lengthwise, and the only place where there is suffi- 

 cient length for this is between the front and hind 

 legs. Non-polydactylous animals which yet produce 

 few at a birth, or carry horns, have their mammae by 

 the thighs, as the horse and the ass (both solid- 

 hoofed) and the camel (cloven-hoofed), all of which 

 bear their young singly ; also the deer, the ox, the 

 goat, and all such animals. The reason for which is, 

 that in them the growth of the body proceeds in an 

 upward direction ; so the place where the superfluous 

 residue and blood collects is down below, near the 

 places of efflux, and there Nature has made the 

 mammae ; for where the food is set in motion, there 

 is the very place where they can get it. In man, both 

 male and female have mammae, but some males of 

 other animals have none, as e.g. stallions, some of 

 which have none, while others, which resemble their 

 dams, have them. 



381 



