PARTS OF ANIMALS 



Additional Note on 693 b 3 



Explanation of Aristotle's terminology for describing the 

 bending of limbs. 

 When Aristotle is speaking about the bending of limbs, 

 hackicards and foricards are relative to the direction in 



which the whole animal moves ; 

 inwards and outwards are relative to the bulk of the body 

 itself. 

 Thus, backwards means that the angle of the bent joint 

 points backwards ; inwards means that the extremity of the 

 limb is brought inv.-ards towards the body, that is, the angle 

 of the bent jomi points away from the main bulk of the body. 

 (" Inward " and "outward " bending thus have no connotation 

 of " bandy-legs " and " knock-knees.") 



All four legs bend imcards ; 

 Example (1) y^ 'K^\ The forelegs hen^ forwards : 

 The hindlegs bend backwards. 



r, 1 /r^\ r v/ The leg bends inwards, and 



Example (2) f 3/ 



backwards. 



(See Be incess. an. 711 a 8 ff., Hist. An. 498 a 3 ff.) 



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