INTRODUCTION. Vii 
Banks and R. Lightbody of Ludlow, whose collections are 
now preserved in the Ludlow Museum, the British Museum, 
and the Museum of the Owens College, Manchester. The 
well-known Lower Old Red Sandstone Passage Beds of 
Ledbury, Herefordshire, have proved equally rich in 
Cephalaspidian fishes, large excavations having been made 
in these rocks at the Ledbury railway station. The late 
Dr. Grindrod, of Malvern, accumulated an extensive col- 
lection of specimens, principally discovered by the late 
Henry brookes, of Ledbury, during the making of the 
railway, and the collection now occupies a case in the New 
University Museum, Oxford, having been purchased by 
the University in 1882. The most systematic examination 
of the beds, however, has been made by Mr. George H. 
Piper, F.G.S., of Ledbury, who has determined the precise 
stratigraphical position of the various species, and con- 
siderably extended the known range of some forms, besides 
making an unique collection of specimens. Through the 
generosity of Mr. Piper the finest of these fossils are now 
placed in the British Museum, and others, from the same 
donor, are also exhibited in the Hereford Museum. 
The Lower Old Red Cornstones of Herefordshire, 
Worcestershire, and Monmouthshire, have long been noted 
for their Cephalaspidian and Pteraspidian fossils, and 
numerous specimens may be seen in the Museums of 
Hereford, Ludlow, Worcester, and Oxford, the British 
Museum, and the Museum of Practical Geology. They 
seem to have been first collected by the late Rev. T. T. 
Lewis, of Aymestry, and Dr. Lloyd, of Ludlow, who, 
through Sir R. I. Murchison, submitted to Agassiz the 
specimens first described by that ichthyologist. Mr. J. B. 
Gill, formerly occupied in quarrying near Cradley, five 
miles from Malvern, carefully preserved a large number of 
valuable specimens, and disposed of them to various col- 
lectors, through whom they have finally reached the public 
museums. The late Rev. W. S. Symonds, F.G.S., of 
