12?. 



oonditiona fnvoring or discouraging insects or animals in t}ie field as 

 against tho forest. The ho formerly used very extensively by the 



f orestc r. 



.':i,rhor animal a. 



, voles, etc. "break the ground, and "break up the n-.ulch. 



Cattle QHt reproduction ana trarnpl thin go dovrn into the ground. In soft 

 so-1 they tramp down hard; they make trails, stir up mulch and work it 

 down, which retards deeav . Sheep ' -r-o more injurious to the fo- 

 t than are cattl . 

 .n: 



& ib Vv.fr, irji 1., - r;t.ial in i-oil. It .ien both its physics 



/. tillage mello* T F and improves plov/ed soil, tut neglects 

 ri ;.- jw it. i^io'/in^ may nrocsuce *o ^raat ^ change in roil 

 tha , ., refus-- to , .en. Continued tilln t ;c modific, the 



coil, the, . idt r-,I favorably. 



'tirt.: ..i is one thni i-f c?xlin.u3ted for crops requiring cer- 

 nts, .-is) spruce, or sonethitic; r-inil-T. A raixea forest has often 

 "by en (;;. . . ii crops excrete toxins. 



L) ''.. and 3oil. 



oreet jj'ccts the formation of soil fron: rock, the transpor- 

 t'. Lion of i-joil ;7:at ( .!riHl, soil biology, goil ^hyf*icr, nnd soil chemistry. 



1,. i'orec't i .nntion. 



a,. Die foreet Adfct^ protect?? rock ^^ninrtt r^pid chan^ea in tern- 



i;a.-:t frop,t>, mechanioal ctfern of 7?p.ter, ice ana ;;ind. By 

 30 doing it r<-, c:\rda the phyaic"L and 'nechnnicil diointcgration of rock. 



b,. J:ie foreBt keeps t)ie soil moist and the Ccr dppliod to the 

 rock, there i>y a88urin f ? continual action in dianolving rock material. 



jc. iioot:^ of treew enter cleavage lines or orrck^: in rocks, and 

 by h and oxp-.naion PSBiBt in t^.e bren>ins of ^ro i.id. 



ci. rue forest acids lrg Tia . B c 3 of orr^iic . k and thereby 



adds l;ouj.x, to tiie soil, 'i'hie effect varies with the climate nnd condi- 

 tion . 'ock t a a uoee the total effect of the .t'or^.t. New England, has 



nite, Pennsylvania haa shale, Kentuclcy bae limestone. 



2. /jie forest retard or t?revent? entirely tho transportation of 

 soil by vreter, ice ??na wind. v?ator transportation :.-c corses very slow j 



.vciuded. All the r*d jjnndfj formations, BS in Wyoming, the 

 ck .ills, Texas and New ? s exico, are curved in aharp hills and ravines; 

 sue"., conformations never exist in forest 



Cutting Uie forest at oncechan t -eB it. Forest countries have nor- 

 Ll^ ro nded topography nnrt nil changes -ire " . ~:<: ' ississippi H. 



In regions like trie Alpp? ^Thp-r- r 'lily disint e^r^ te, a 



tough forc-sL cover often holds tho ^oil no lon(?; that landslides occur 

 ...... aiaiiiiie^rati on and decomposition. 



y: 1) forest nccunulatee and Vuildn up tl-.o isoil. 



2j >'orenL A^JbA4i ^**Aft^fe && WM& irakes for permanent 

 soil conditions, . 



