ijo. 



(Different Forms of Forests and their jJevelopnieat) 

 j^. All-a^ed or '.'any-aged Stands. 

 We will consider the puae forest. 



&. For this discussion we will assume reproduction by seed pri- 

 marily; we will not incln.de 'jproats, tho they occur sometimes. There are 

 three conditions which arise: Seedlings: 



1) Reproduction under the mother tree. The young stuff here 

 l^cks li^ht, suffers from severe root coiapctition, is deprived of rain 

 that is shed fron the treo, i-.ay bs stunted for years, may barely live 

 v/hen finally freo, nnd ra^y : : ;Q on rus n. runt or may recover and grow to be 

 *?. tree. ;fo3te.rn ajjruce and southern pine are good examples. Austin Cary 

 sent ' r. Kotli a stem which -ns l jQ years old and less than 3 inches in 

 diameter; what v;o,'ld. each a tree o.o if released fron binding conditions? 



Id it yet form f^ir tree' Jhere is always a severe struggle for the 

 young trees; their t :rov;t}i is slow and more or lean deformed; it rarely 

 ever forraa ,;oorl ti: V< / uu d before it is 2 { ; years old even with 

 toler- nt specie. . 



2) Reproduction in gaps between larger trees. The seed from 

 the crown dro;r> into ihc "trough". 'Jhe young trees has a hard struggle, 

 with especially cr^.ve rciojt competition . It receives 



some li ; ht ?nd rain thru the gap; it pushes toward 

 the 1 i,-;-}-- 1, fight? the edge conditions offered 'by 

 the mother conditions, and in general is obliged 

 to bend, nd becor;;.;s distorted or one-sided. 



3) Ths young stuff comes up in larger jgaps between the tree 

 It cornrno.-ly forms a dense tiiicket, is of small form; they fight among 

 thenoelv'?s nd tho big atuff at the edge. In this group a few go ahead 

 and they Mnke fine trees; those at the edge always suffer from competi- 

 tion v/ith olx trees n.nd young stuff. 



4) Occasionally only a few trees start thus, grow up as in 

 the or>en and develop into large apreaders, big-crwon stuff. They are 

 under r. Lrnost ideal conditions of space and protection. Mature keeps up 

 her influence and out of many trials a few succeed. 



It ia the business of the forester to help the trees. If he has 

 more trees than is desirable lie has the axe. But is it easy for him like- 

 vise to affect reproduction iri the manv~a^ed stand in a large forest? 

 The selection system le?ua to this condition. In general it is not easy 

 to rraterially inf33uence reproduction in the many-ar-ied stands. 



b.. Vl/hen these trees become saplings they are all right if in 

 groups where they get normal competition, whenever they border an open- 



they tend to spread one-sidedly; they normally clean one-sidedly, ter 

 to produce a bent stand, and even a crooked stand in many species, even 

 with sood trees. Often the sapling remains stunted, defective, and hope- 

 lenp. Under good conditions for growth, the growth is of the best, be- 

 vauae the site conditions aro maintained. 



jc. The pole and tree stage. The timber is good; the runts are 

 dea- or have been culled out. The fow tree? which did start right grow 

 well because of gooci protection a&ainst wind, etc, and protection of site 

 Usually the timber in all-aged stan'ds is especially sound, it has gre-t 

 vigor and is able to live to s gro-^t age, but always a goodly per cent 

 are spreaded, limby and while hardy is deformed timber. Good illustra- 

 tions of these conditions are to be found in the wild-*woods. 



