cl. The statements in the previous paragraph (cj apply to tolerant 

 nnd mixed hardwood species. In pine and oak of h& similar tolorancy a 

 number of trees usually give up, the ground does not fill with reproduc- 

 tion, many weeds and brush corne in, ?nd the soil becomes hardened. 



Stands start in the open and come up in even-aged thickets, -rid 

 go down together, giving rise to fungi. 



. Mixed Stands. 



a,. Kixed even-aged stands. 



Different kinds start and grow differently even in the same 

 acre. There is a difference in the rate and persistence of growth in the 

 crown. One species mny ;;r>in iri height, top development and spread, and 

 modifies in denning. This tends to an unequal arid therefore unsymmetri- 

 c-^l deve.l ,t; it produces poor, crooked, bent timber, often a result 

 of suppression. Under suitable conditions the best of timber results, 

 because the rite is maintained by the mixed stand: this produces rapid 

 growth, health *>.nd longevity, at the beat. Help is not easily given to 

 a stand of this kind, because each species has its own needs, differ/ing 

 from the other species. 



ID. I'ixed many-aged stands . 



Here may be applied all the statements under (&), emphasize* 

 ?rywhere the edge conditions develop: cleaning, reproduction and growtl 

 of seedling, sapling -^nd pole arc as described before but subject to a 

 rcore severs struggle because to unequal Bize is added, unequal kind. They 

 mast nl?io fi,-.:-.t grass !=md weeds. 



In a mixed stand the seed years come often, with the different 

 species, therefore there are many starts and trials; some succeed. A large 

 proportion of the stuff becomes mutilated and disfigured by the tremen- 

 dous struggle bet 1 '/ en the different ages and ki/ida. The volume of good 

 merchant- tie materials suffers materially. 



. Vila-woods Stands. Salient features. 



-a. There has been much misconception in regard to \vild-woocLs 

 from the silvacultural standpoint. It has been usually assumed: 



1) That they are all-aged. 



2) That they are mixed. 



3J That they are mixed singly or in small groups. 



4) That reproduction is under other trees. 



5) That this form of forest is rigidly Adhered to. 

 Most of this is only partly true. 



b. Reproduction is mainly from seed, and yet there is much 

 sprouting, i any species sprout: basswood, redwood, poplar, willow, etc. 



Layering is important in some places. Aspen and pure white birch 

 in the Thumb of Michigan propagate by layering. There are almost no trees 

 but many young stands. 7liite cedar also layered to a surprising extent. 

 "any of the young growths there could be traced to an origin by layering, 

 In the Cascades the spruce, balsam and hemlock ofton produce dense 

 clumps by layering, especially in Alpine woods. 



Reproduction in the form of sprout /oods takes place over a large 

 aren,, especially on wind-fall areas. They often folio a seed forest. 



. .Vila-woods forests are well defined in older and younger 

 timber. It is rare that uniform age and composition occur. They are 



