poorly defined along the edge. Often they give an impression of greater 

 uniformity th^n really exists, tho clumps may be uniform. 



Perfect single tree mixture in regard to age or kind is exceptio 

 al, as are also mixtures of pure groups. 



(1, Large rren.B of hnrdv/oods are many aged in the proper sense 

 of the orcf; even so it is common for stands to separate into older and 

 younger timber. ;.'ven-a^ed stands occupy a very large portion of the are 

 in the went, especially short-lived species, as the aspen, tamarack ^nd 

 allies; also on fvpecir.l r^itos: an lor^epole and Jack pines, on mountain 

 sides and o-n(. . 



also ooour in the wild- woods quite corrii-ionly, stands which 

 called "All old stands" or all-old timber. They are not even-aged stand 

 but ore composed. entirely of c^ld stuff, '-uch occur in western yellow pi 

 suf. ' -nG 9 roohvo >(,', rert fir, the southern pinery, I-Jorway and white pin 

 eastern spruce, hemlock, arid some harav/oocis. 



o all old ' in the end of r.ny stand under ordinary condi- 

 tions, if no injury of calamity happens 10 the faresc. *o the young man 

 they m ;/ Appear even-a^ed, "but they may vary from l^'O to 3^0 years in 



. ".-inally decay aots./in, ana they break up rapidly v/h?n they do 

 br.. . t of the lumberman's logging timber is this all-old timber, 



The"reserve tree" form also occurs in the west. Here the bilk of 

 the st'-.nd en dropped, leaving a few old ones standing. Then seed 

 blown in, fta elr:, a.v^en, etc., nnd soon produce a cecondary stand, with 

 one or two old pines towering over it. .This is coirjuon in Michigan. 



'-he two-story forest is *lso a natural form of wild-woods. This 

 form is often found in pine and hardwoods in the Great Lakes states, an 

 with pin -ma hemlock in .New York. This form may be produced in two way 

 1) All-old, simply differing in height: white pin? *nd hardwo 

 Natural/ under -pi anting, r.s vritli beech under oak. 



j3. Pure and f/ixed 



1) Hardwoods arc generally mixed; they are pure only on 

 special nit -a, often as temporary stands. Aspen ."rid. vfoite birch form 

 such t^r; y stands. Scrub oak is permanent. In sou them swamps 10-20 

 -or' r, of pure black gum are often found as a permanent form. 



2} Coniferous forest are largely pure. Usually they are 

 of bettnr than 7K'' of one species. Over ^"0> of our coniferous 



., poosibly 80/ : '. X}iio aliov/s indisputably that in the 

 Jnitdd states wild-woods are not nixed. 



. Tlie reproduction of \7ild-\voods is largely fron seed. A lar, 

 amount of reproduction takes place from ttie sides, blown in on bare larii 

 Such is the c-iae vrltli lod^epolo ??.nd Jack pine.?. Reproduction may also 

 occur fron artificial seeding, from birds, and from some sprouting. 



g; . \Vild- voodn keep the land pretty well covered and over larg< 

 areas. They are continuous in arer. and continuous in time, large areas < 

 bare lane are duo to failures of forests; they are more common in coni- 

 ferous forests and especially on bad sites. , uch i-.ay be illustrated by 

 Ontario and its white pine, which has been burner over repeatedly. The 

 Rocky !'ount<-,ino ;;PVO such situations r,lso r and the Fringe forest is an- 

 other ex-nple. 



Growth in the wild-woods is continuous and large. If the soil is 



