153- 



good, the trees are healtfry, there is good active chlorophyll producing 

 food| anci then later the decay is tremendous. Hardwoods in southern J ic 

 make* wood at the rote of 1 cord per yenr, and then later decay sets && 

 at the same rate. How much must the Forester leave on the land to keep 

 the conditions for fertility? Should he leave just the leaves and bran 

 che s, or more? 



l-;ven-aged and all-a-cd stands in wild-woods go out rapidly when 

 decline sets in. Lumbermen have furnished valuable Information in this 

 spect. In wild-woods of n certain rotation it sometimes happens that t 

 ordinary lif of the species is longer than that usually set by men, an 

 it goes farther than the net volume of the stand reached by growth. Thi 

 may often be doable or even thrice as much. 



h. Wild- woods vary from place to place and from time to time. 

 There is often great variety to be met -1th, sometimes so bewildering t 

 we lose si^it of certain forms which, after all, make up the body of th 

 forest. The natural forest makes a dense cover, introduces insects arid 

 other agencies to break it up, and then patches of reproduction come ir 

 Thus Mature varies her program almost indefinitely, with both conifers 

 and hardwoods. 



B. 37 G r_ ; ASP RfiSULTiyq FORKS POKBSY. 



This subject may also be called "Silviculture! Systems", which J 

 nicer and better; it may also be called "Silvicultural methods" or Me1 

 s of Treatment? They have sometirr.es been called "Systems" or f'ethods 

 Management", which is not accurate. 



1. In silviculture we take over from the forests of Kature cert? 

 forms, ~nd we modify these forms. In Agriculture, in a similar way, the 

 took over plants of Nature, rearranged, pnd spoiled them. 



Lodgepole pine is a good example of a form of forest: it is pur< 

 and even-aged; this is very apparent here, and also with tamarack. In 1 

 wild-woods it is not so striking; man^ forms are here present. 



Form of forest: forest which during a certain definite part of I 

 lifetime lias a definite form; example: ^.odgepole pine. 



a. Forms recognized in wild-woods and adopted in Silviculture: 

 These may be considered under three heaas: 



aged, etc. 



Composition: pure or mixed 



Origin: seed or sprout 



Age: development: ^ven-aged, two-aged or storied, many- 



In detail: 



&. 1) Pure and mixed forms* are always distinguished sharply 



from beginning to end. 



2) Seed and sprout forests tend to reoenble each other. A 

 20- year old coppice does not differ from seed forest at 20 yards away; 

 in early life there is a sh*.rp distinction at close range, which is no' 

 so evident in later ages. 



3) Jven-aged stand, or form at 40 years, either of conifer; 

 or hardwoods, has just the sarue appearance, character and development 



