2) Graves* Classification (Principles of Handling Woodlands, 

 e 31). This is a Modification of Gayer. 



A) High Forest Form ( 3eed or Timber forest) 

 _!. '..'election form 

 j2. iiogular or even- aged form 

 ^. Irregular form 

 4. Two -story form 

 *[. He serve form 



Graaey leaves out the distinction "between fundamental nnd auxilia: 



form. 



> Coppice Forms 



1^. ,-ir coppice (even-aged) 

 ( 2. Irregular coppice (uneven-aged) 

 JL. Standard coppice 



All these forms differ from each other; you cannot have similar 

 forms of forest from absolutely different origins. Kven Gayer confused 

 anc f orrn. A system (or method), leads to a form. 



. These forms of forests, as taken from Kature, have been 

 modified in practice to suit site, species, and the notions of practione 

 These modifications may be: 



1) In composition. As fron pure to mixed forests and betwee: 



2) In area arrangement. Any form of forest can occupy a lar. 

 area or a small aroa, or it may take a whole Compartment, strip, or irre 

 gulpr . -'his area modification led to much Codification in writings 

 and U SB in regard ->o tiie different systems, ?,nd in literature are 

 to he found many different systems and combinations with pure and mixed 

 forests. 



3) The form of forest may be frequently modified in regard 

 to its adherence to a definite form. It may stn.rt one way and may deviat 

 fro form adopted. An even-aged stand way be later underplanted and 

 Tbec0iBea Ifroyi0ied form. A shelterwood form gives an even-aged stand 

 in about 1>" years; it may be extended intentionally, with light cutting, 

 and become a combination of selection and sholterwood forest. All gra- 

 d-tions ara- possible between these. 



In Germany they combine the selection and sheltwrwood forms on th 

 ede of a forest. In France there is a variety in coppice practice; much 

 is clear-cut and even-aged; in some parts of France they cut only part, 

 which produces a two-storied form, or even a selection form. 



>yr classified 72 different Gilvicultur.il systems, each with a 

 name, which had been introduced and practiced for some reason or other; 

 all were successful, and had good standing in literature. 1'ut all of the 

 forrr.s of forest produced may be classed under one or other of the few 

 groups above mentioned; they are merely variations/ or modifications of 

 the few primary forms. 



J2. Systems o Methods. 



a. .Mature produces the principal forms of forest by dinstinct 

 73 of reproduction* rather than by influence or care after the stand is 

 started. 1 



1 By sprout or seed. 



2 Restocks burns or clear areas by seed from neor-by trees 



3 Starts young growth in the open parts of the stand long 



