16'i . 



The secondary etano becomes? ci : .p"ptesi-cd ano i:: removed; tiie 

 stands be^in to open; the jrrcntest thrift is past, r.nd the rntc of vol- 

 ume growth rapidly decline, 



In the trr e st-w.;^ the maximum volume per acre is readied and pass- 

 ed. the r-trsnd opens up', the crows are relatively small, and do not 

 readily fill gaps, Any openings which occur now must remain as gaps. 

 Growth becomes slcr-or -nd slower; only put on a smaller number of the 

 l:e?t treer-*> nhich form tlie final ore . injury ->.nd stagnation require 

 underplrntir : . . to help itself. 



b. rhic system is applicable to any species which tterives 

 j ,1 u ' o ru" si - . All os$ all of our forest 



tre in tills m t ir or ^ood sites. 



If reproductio : is .^tur-l fro.ii the side or from seed trees, this 

 .<3 i e appli< to in. ^G "bruai' and. to tiiose species whicr 

 seed abundantly. is also restricted to suitable sites elm, ash, etc, 

 Larch (?) is <^; it is not too lirsby, and occurs on burns, 



. 'Die clanr cut -with artificial reproduction system has 

 proven successful v)".rever tried, and has almost coiupletely replaced 



:er s .rope. C/dtoeJpall'a yo fig plantations 



FU ff r ^ . . c .- hoi :inu dry. In northern countries they alsc 



suffer froM frost nr.ci fron the freezing of the ground, ana the sapling 

 and $61. all pole ;t-\;e suffer from snow. Small tender ones grow 

 close t( -'i'nr frora stoi-m, but more so in the small 



tree etrv:e. I t'ions ^Iscr suffer from fun^i ;ind insect?!. In very dens< 



? i an opening lor insects and fungi. 



e biotic factors and wakes less use of variatioi 

 in the soil. 



d. - th in voli-.^e ahd quality is in the clear/' cut syster 

 t-> . st o'f any system Tor species, site and tiirie. i.Vcn tlie secondar; 



st.'-i; "icli is oat-to.u)co., yield tlilnnlng material of well cleaned 



. 'Jhc clej-'T cat r?. not alWRys produce great 



rery tree pfter it-> 40 t] r is a vmlttftfcle stick of 

 tiro"c--r. conditi i ~nd lihilny stuff, 



normally consists of a lar^- nui.-.'ber of troec of moderai 

 , . it often hac Loo much defective material if kept 

 too denne. 



jj. 'Jh<.? ability to inaintain Ui; soil is g*ej t, especially i] 



..; it decreases v;ith trev a fc 'c and is iiero in 



loci b : cutting aria Uie clo^ia^; ap of the next youri stand. Tiiii 



feature ia charged j-.ie of t, gr --Moat cLisauvantM^c:*, of the clear cut 



. The ability to preserve the soil varies with the species, as to- 

 n -1 iritolornrit, ana tlii:: difference is gr< "ler-j than in other 



:IB. For long rotrtioiis, n. 200 ye^rs find over, where reproduction 



interval.;, t>iia dif f ure/ice ia r-rat,. . 



Tlie difficulty of rr:,'U.n-;cU.ii^ e ; the soil increases with the diffi- 

 culty in r action. ?ho . t you cut clean the less 



rfeot the re H iction and tlie more tlie land differs. 



