175- 



On the other hand, the coppice system is recommended, because: 



(1) A small capital only is needed, the returns are fre- 

 quent, and therefore it leads to a big industry. 



(2) There are few dangers in a stand of this kind. 



of stuff. 



3) It affords simple, cheap handling. 



4) It allows simple harvesting, by clear cutting, etc. 

 (5J It may be used as a method for raising particular kind* 



. The 3tate always will be more or less interested in the 

 coppice system: 



(1) It is good for the fc&AJcJb small man. 



(2) It provides local people with small timber, which is 

 nevertheless necessary for the locality. 



(3) It takes possession of sites and protects them against 

 erosion. 



(4) It is adapted to grazing uses, particularly sheep on 

 grass lands. It can be alternated with agriculture. 



8) Coppice Standards or Standard Coppice. 



This has also bcsen called Composite Coppice. 

 &. Standard Coppice may be illustrated by a concrete case: 

 Assume a standard of different species. Suppose we have 100 acres of beed 

 or maple; make an annual cut of 5 acres, or a 20-year rotation. After 

 each cut plant in on that area 20 pine seedlings (or locust, etc.). Say 

 the first cut is in 1912; this is a 5~ acr e cut; plant in twenty 3-year 

 old pine seedlings or transplants. Then the same 5 acres will be cut again 

 in 1932, and now we will have a stand of 20-year pines plus 29 new seed- 

 lings. Thus we will have in: 



1952: 20 of the 40-year pines 

 20 of the 20-year pines 

 20 new seedlings 



and therefore in 2 coppice rotations we will have 60 pines on that 5- a re 

 area. Thru another rotation: 



1972: 20 of the 60-year old pines 

 20 of the 40-year old pines 

 20 of the 20-year old pines 

 20 new seedling 



This gives us a stand of 60 trees varying from 20 to 60 years of 

 age. These then are the standards. If the pine were cut on a 60 year ro- 

 tation we would plant first in 1912 and cut in 1972, and plant new pines 

 right along addition to the coppice till it is exhausted. 



(in) 



To show how much area standards take up we may refer to the follow- 

 ing figures: 



20-year pines need 80 sq.yds. each 

 40-ye^r pines need 180 sq.yds 



20 

 20 



2 



each 





60-year pines need J20 sq.yds. each 



pines need 580 sq.yds. on 5 acres, or 1/8 A. 



Therefore in this illustration 1/8 acres is actually covered by 

 the standards, out of an area of 5 acres. Thus practically 4 7/8 acres 

 are left for coppice and others. The standards grow open and above the 

 coppice and therefore develop larger crowns than in normal woods. There 

 are here 60 standards in three age classes. 



. Variations of this method are possible according to the 

 individual id*eas. There are gradations between straight coppice and tim- 

 ber. 



