177. 



JJ. Choice of Systems. 



a. Matter of species dealt with. 

 Site conditions. 



c. Safety and dangers, including characters under species an< 



site, "biotic factors, etc. 



d. Reproduction or hard, etc. 



e". Objects of the business, Public Forests, etc. 

 7. Intensity of the enterprise. 



Amount of capital 



Labor necessary or available 

 . Secondary uses of the forest. 



a. ratter of the species dealt with. 



1) Certain species, as roost conifers, exclude the use 



coppice or standard coppice in the woods on account of the nature of the 

 species. Certain other species practically demand the coppiceL willow, 

 alder, chestnut, catalpa, black locust and euaalyptus. This is probably 

 the best and easiest method to use here. 



2) Hard pines, tamarack, cypress, oak, walnut, hickory, and 

 most of the intolerant species do not make a satisfactory selection, for- 



and so the choice here is limited to a few species. These species 

 tend to open m> and the stand opens up. A selection stand requires a 

 tolernnt species mixed with an intolerant species. The above named specie 

 usually need different systems. 



3) Hemlock, balsam, and beech have a dislike for the clear 

 cut system, and so we cannot use this system fot these species unless the; 

 are very small. They are good for the selection and shelterwood systems. 



4) Hard pines, tamarack and intolerant species are not able 

 to hold out as seedlings under the mother trees and so are gJl^tiiL* 

 satisfactory in shelterwood. SU **& && &^A *& ***&&& M M* *****?** 

 They are shut out from the two systems of selection and shelterwood, but 

 can be used under the clear cut system. 



5) All seeded trees, as hardwoods, are of no use in natural 

 reproduction by seeding in from the side. 



6) In general: the species is the first consideration in 

 determining the method of treatment. 



b. Site conditions. 



' Site conditions limit the species in their possibilities. 

 They affect the distribution of speoles, etc., and thus affect the syste] 



1) On poor lands we usually use only pine and therefore onl} 

 the systems suited to pine, or the clear cut with natural or artificial 

 reproduction. This is very useful on poor sites, as sandy lands. 



2) Swamp lands have peculiar species: tamarack and cedar in 

 northern swamps and cypress in the south. Some black spruce and ash oc 

 -urs on the edges. The intolerant tamarack and cedar are not for the 

 lection and shelterwood systems, but include the jtse of seeding from the 

 side methods: strip, seed tree, or clenr cut methods. 



3) In Northern countries (N. Canada, N. New JSngland), and 

 high altitudes we are limited to spruce and therefore to the syste] 



