able to spruce and similar species. The selection and shelterwood sys- 

 tems are especially good for high mountains. It is impossible to seed in 

 from the side. 



4) Many of the higher ridges in the Kockies exclude the 

 Yellow pine and take the lodgepole pine, which is very intolerant. 



5) Good moist soil and mild climate take any system. On 

 poor land, even in a mild climate, use a system that will keep up the 

 site. Compare timber and seed trees versus coppice. The selection ss best. 



6) Sand in the Southerribinery excludes the hardwoods and 

 white pine because of the soil and site together. Hard pines and their 

 systems are used here. 



7) Dry situations, as yellow pine in the west, need to keep 

 moisture in the soil, therefore the clear cut system would not be used 

 here. The shelterwood system is particularly applicable, and is much used 

 by the Forest Service. 



8) On steep slopes and soils which wash easily and gully, 

 the clear cut system is risky. The selection system is best. 



9) In general: follow Nature wherever the site is difficult, 

 whether in climate 6r in soil, topography or even bad biotic factors 



and competition of animals (insects). Insects stopped the use of the ta- 

 marack, because of the tamarack saw-fly. The black locust borer made it 

 almost impossible to have any success in planting black locust. These are 

 treated as distinct dangers, not as part of the site. 



. Choice affected by safety and dangers. 



1) Safety from theft is not considered in this connection, 

 but even here there is some difference in the systems. The selection is 

 easy to stepl from. 



2) Safety from fire. In the hardwood district there are many 

 possibilities; there is less danger than in conifers, and you can use 

 almost any system you desire. It is claimed that the coppice system is 

 Ic-st dangerous. It is simply a part of the larger hardwood feature. 



An even-aged otand should be in small bodies, then the fire will 

 not spread. The young stuff is in danger; it is drier, the crown is close 

 to the ground and the fire spreads to a top fore. The stand is more jam- 

 med. 



In a coniferous district there is only one choice between an even- 

 aged and a many-aged stand: the even-aged stand in small bodies is safer 

 than the many-aged stand. Yellow pine in the southwest or in the southern 

 pinery at 40 years of age is safe. A ground fire does not hurt these trees 

 In Colorado fire can be used safely at any time. 



3) Safety from storms, snow, etc. Coppice is the best, then 

 the selection system, then the even-aged stand. The shelterwood is worse 

 than the clearcut, as the trees which have been closed up are exposed and 

 tend to be wind-blown. It is good for timber to be in small bodies or in 

 compartments. Avoid lines making the mature cutting stuff face the wind. 

 This is bad, especially in 3 ruce, particularly in the prevailing winds. 



