214 SlNO-lRANICA 



*suk, stand for Zak. 1 The entire speculation is deplorable, and we are 

 even expected "to allow for a change the word may have undergone 

 from the original meaning within the last two thousand years"; but 

 there is no trace of evidence that the Osmanli word has existed that 

 length of time, neither can it be reasonably admitted that the signifi- 

 cance of a word can change from "pea" to "alfalfa." The universal 

 term in Central Asia for alfalfa is bidd 2 or beda? Djagatai bida. This 

 word means simply "fodder, clover, hay." 4 According to TOMASCHEK, B 

 this word is of Iranian origin (Persian beda). It is found also in Sariqoli, 

 a Pamir dialect. 6 This would indicate very well that the Persians 

 (and it could hardly be expected otherwise) disseminated the alfalfa 

 to Turkistan. 



According to VAMBERY, 7 alfalfa appears to have been indigenous 

 among the Turks from all times; this opinion, however, is only based 

 on linguistic evidence, which is not convincing: a genuine Turkish 

 name exists in Djagatai jonu$ka (read yonutka) and Osmanli yondza* 

 (add Kasak-Kirgiz yonurcka), which simply means "green fodder, 

 clover." Now, these dialects represent such recent forms of Turkish 

 speech, that so far-reaching a conclusion cannot be based on them. 

 As far as I know, in the older Turkish languages no word for alfalfa 

 has as yet been found. 



A Sanskrit il A # 33L sai-pi-li-k'ie, *sak-bi-lik-kya, for the designa- 

 tion of mu-su, is indicated by Li Si-cen, 9 who states that this is the 

 word for mu-su used in the Kin kwan min kin & ^t $J ft (Suvar- 

 naprabhasa-sutra). This is somewhat surprising, in view of the fact 

 that there is no Sanskrit word for this plant known to us; 10 and there 

 can be no doubt that the latter was introduced into India from Iran 

 in comparatively recent times. BRETSCHNEIDER'S suggestion, 11 that in 



I Final k in transcriptions never answers to a final r, but only to k, g, or x (cf. 

 also PELLIOT, T'oung Pao, 1912, p. 476). 



a A. STEIN, Khotan, Vol. I, p. 130. 



8 LE COQ, Sprichw6rter und Lieder aus Turfan, p. 85. 



4 I. KUNOS, Sulejman Efendi's Cagataj-Osman. Worterbuch, p. 26. 



6 Pamir-Dialekte, p. 792. 



8 R. B. SHAW, Journal As. Soc. Bengal, 1876, p. 231. 



7 Primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes, p. 220. 



8 The etymology given of this word by Vambe'ry is fantastic and unacceptable. 



9 Pen ts'ao kan mu, Ch. 27, p. 3 b. Mu-su is classified by hiui under ts'ai 

 ("vegetables"). 



J0 This was already remarked by A. DE CANDOLLE (Origin of Cultivated Plants, 

 p. 104). Also WATT gives only modern Indian vernacular names, three of which, 

 spastu, sebist, and beda, are of Iranian origin. 



II Bot. Sin., pt. Ill, p. 404. 



