THE WALNUT 



4. The Buddhist dictionary Fan yi min yi tsi H8 a? i& 3fe, 

 compiled by Fa Yun fe 8, 1 contains a Chinese-Sanskrit name for the 

 walnut (hu t*ao iK $6, Juglans regia) in the transcription po-lo-$i 

 M !SI 6$, which, as far as I know, has not yet been identified with its 

 Sanskrit equivalent. 2 According to the laws established for the Buddhist 

 transcriptions, this formation is to be restored to Sanskrit paras*, 

 which I regard as the feminine form of the adjective parasa, meaning 

 "Persian" (derived from Parsa, "Persia"). The walnut, accordingly, 

 as expressed by this term, was regarded in India as a tree or fruit sus- 

 pected of Persian provenience. The designation parasi for the walnut 

 is not recorded in Boehtlingk's Sanskrit Dictionary, which, by the way, 

 contains many other lacunes. The common Sanskrit word for "walnut " 

 is dkhota, aksoja, ak$osa* which for a long time has been regarded as 

 a loan-word received from Iranian. 4 



Pliny has invoked the Greek names bestowed on this fruit as testi- 

 mony for the fact that it was originally introduced from Persia, the 



1 Ch. 24, p. 27 (edition of Nanking). BUNYIU NANJIO (Catalogue of the 

 Buddhist Tripitaka, No. 1640) sets the date of the work at 1151. WYLIE (Notes on 

 Chinese Literature, p. 210) and BRETSCHNEIDER (Bot. Sin., pt. i, p. 94) say that it 

 was completed in 1143. According to S. JULIEN (Me"thode, p. 13), it was compiled 

 from 1143 to 1157. 



1 BRETSCHNEIDER (Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, Chinese 

 Recorder, Vol. Ill, 1871, p. 222) has given the name after the Pen ts'aokan mu, but 

 has left it without explanation. 



3 The last-named form occurs twice in the Bower Manuscript (HOERNLE'S 

 edition, pp. 32, 90, 121). In Hindustani we have axrot or akrot. 



4 F. SPIEGEL, Arische Periode, p. 40. The fact that the ancient Iranian name for 

 the walnut is still unknown does not allow us to explain the Sanskrit word satisfac- 

 torily. Its relation to Hebrew egoz, and Persian koz, goz (see below), is perspicuous. 

 Among the Hindu-Kush languages, we meet in Yidgha the word oghuzoh (J. BIDDULPH, 

 Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, Appendices, p. CLXVII), which appears as a missing 

 link between Sanskrit on the one hand and the Semitic-Armenian forms on the other 

 hand: hence we may conjecture that the ancient Iranian word was something like 

 *agoza, angoza; and this supposition is fully confirmed by the Chinese transcription 

 a-yiie (above, p. 248). Large walnuts of India are mentioned by the traveller C'an 

 Te toward the middle of the thirteenth century (BRETSCHNEIDER, Mediaeval 

 Researches, Vol. I, p. 146). The walnuts of the province of Kusistan in Persia, which 

 are much esteemed, are sent in great quantities to India (W. AINSLIE, Materia 

 Indica, Vol. I, p. 464). 



254 



