292 SlNO-lRANICA 



San-tan Ji J (south-eastern portion of San-si), and is gathered in the 

 autumn. What is called ts*in %an W j| are the sprouts of the ku-sen. 

 They grow in the river-valleys of Gun-yuan 4 1 $K (Ho-nan)." Nothing 

 is said here about a foreign introduction or a cultivation; on the con- 

 trary, the question evidently is of an indigenous wild swamp-plant, 

 possibly Mulgedium sibiriacum. 1 Both Sesamum and Linum are thor- 

 oughly out of the question, for they grow in dry loam, and sesame espe- 

 cially in sandy soil. Thus suspicion is ripe that the terms hu ma and 

 ku-sen originally applied to an autochthonous plant of San-si and 

 Ho-nan, and that hu ma in this case moves on the same line as the term 

 hu Sen in the Li sao (p. 195). This suspicion is increased by the fact 

 that hu ma occurs in a passage ascribed to Hwai-nan-tse, who died in 

 122 B.C., and cited in the T'ai p'in yu Ian? Moreover, the Wu si (or 

 p*u) pen ts'ao, written in the first half of the third century by Wu P'u 

 ^ If, in describing hu ma, alludes to the mythical Emperor Sen-nun 

 and to Lei kun If &, a sage employed by the Emperor Hwan in his 

 efforts to perfect the art of healing. 



The meaning of kit-Sen is "the great superior one." The later authors 

 regard the term as a variety of Sesamum, but give varying definitions 

 of it: thus, T'ao Hun-kin states that the kind with a square stem is 

 called kit-Sen (possibly Mulgedium), that with a round stem hu ma. 

 Su Kun of the T'ang says that the plant with capsules (kio ft ) of eight 

 ridges or angles (pa len A IS) is called kii-$en; that with quadrangular 

 capsules, hu ma. The latter definition would refer to Sesamum indicum, 

 the capsule of which is oblong quadrangular, two-valved and two-celled, 

 each cell containing numerous oily seeds. 



Mori Sen J!L fJfc, in his Si liao pen fsao (written in the second half 

 of the seventh century), observes that "the plants cultivated in fertile 

 soil produce octangular capsules, while those planted in mountainous 

 fields have the capsules quadrangular, the distinction arising from the 

 difference of soil conditions, whereas the virtues of the two varieties are 

 identical. Again, Lei Hiao IS 5C of the fifth century asserts that 

 ku-sen is genuine, when it has seven ridges or angles, a red color, and 

 a sour taste, but that it is erroneous to style hu ma the octangular 

 capsules with two pointed ends, black in color, and furnishing a black oil. 

 There is no doubt that in these varying descriptions entirely different 

 plants are visualized. Kao C'en of the Sung, in his Si wu ki yuan? 



1 STUART, Chinese Materia Medica, p. 269. This identification, however, is 

 uncertain. 



2 Ch. 989, p. 6 b. 



3 Ch. 10, p. 29 b (see above, p. 279). 



