SAFFRON AND TURMERIC 311 



garding the introduction or cultivation of saffron. 1 The confusion of 

 Li Si-Sen is simply due to an association of the two plants known as 

 "red flower." Safflower is thus designated in the TW min yao $u, 

 further by Li Gun ^ 4 1 of the T'ang and in the Sun &', where the yen-ci 

 red flower is stated to have been sent as tribute by the prefecture of 

 Hin-yuan J^ 7C in Sen-si. 2 



The fact that Li Si-cen in the above passage was thinking of 

 saffron becomes evident from two foreign words added to his nomen- 

 clature of the product: namely, V ffe !fi ki-fu-lan and 8fc fc IP sa-fa- 

 tsi. The first character in the former transcription is a misprint for && 

 tsa (*tsap, dzap); the last character in the latter form must be emen- 

 dated into &P /aw. 3 Tsa-fu-lan and sa-fa-lan (Japanese sqfuran, Siamese 

 faran), as was recognized long ago, represent transcriptions of 

 Arabic za'ferdn or za'faran, which, on its part, has resulted in our "saf- 



1 BRETSCHNEIDER (Chinese Recorder, 1871, p. 222) asserts that saffron is not 

 cultivated in Peking, but that it is known that it is extensively cultivated in other 

 parts of China. I know nothing about this, and have never seen or heard of any 

 saffron cultivation in China, nor is any Chinese account to that effect known to me. 

 Crocus sativus is not listed in the great work of F. B. FORBES and W. B. HEMSLEY 

 (An Enumeration of All the Plants known from China Proper, comprising Vols. 

 23, 26, and 36 of the Journal of the Linnean Society}, the most comprehensive syste- 

 matic botany of China. ENGLER (in Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, p. 270) says that Crocus 

 is cultivated in China. WATT (Dictionary, Vol. II, p. 593) speaks of Chinese saffron 

 imported into India. It is of especial interest that Marco Polo did not find saffron 

 in China, but he reports that in the province of Fu-kien they have "a kind of fruit, 

 resembling saffron, and which serves the purpose of saffron just as well" (YULE, 

 Marco Polo, Vol. II, p. 225). It may be, as suggested by Yule after Fliickiger, that 

 this is Gardenia florida, the fruits of which are indeed used in China for dyeing-pur- 

 poses, producing a beautiful yellow color. On the other hand, the Pen ts'ao kan mu 

 Si i (Ch. 4, p. 14 b) contains the description of a "native saffron" (t'u hun hwa -fc 

 j|t ^, in opposition to the "Tibetan red flower" or genuine saffron) after the Con- 

 tinued Gazetteer of Fu-kien jj) jjjt |J[ ;, as follows: "As regards the native 

 saffron, the largest specimens are seven or eight feet high. The leaves are like those 

 of the p'i-p'a $ | (Eriobotrya japonicd), but smaller and without hair. In the 

 autumn it produces a white flower like a grain of maize (su-mi 5H 7^, Zea mays). 

 It grows in Fu-cou and Nan-nen-cou ffj JlH >}\\ [now Yan-kian |j| in K wan-tun] 

 in the mountain wilderness. That of Fu-cou makes a fine creeper, resembling the 

 fu-yun (Hibiscus mutabilis), green above and white below, the root being like that of 

 the ko Ifij (Pachyrhizus thunbergianus). It is employed in the pharmacopoeia, being 

 finely chopped for this purpose and soaked overnight in water in which rice has been 

 scoured; then it is soaked for another night in pure water and pounded: thus it is 

 ready for prescriptions." This species has not been identified, but may well be 

 Marco Polo's pseudo-saffron of Fu-kien. 



2 Tu Su tsi Fen, XX, Ch. 158. 



3 Cf. WATTERS, Essays on the Chinese Language, p. 348. This transcription, 

 however, does not prove, as intimated by Watters, that "this product was first 

 imported into China from Persia direct or at least obtained immediately from 

 Persian traders." The word zafardn is an Arabic loan-word in Persian, and may 

 have been brought to China by Arabic traders as well. 



