THE BALSAM-POPLAR 341 



surface of stones; this one only is utilized as a medicine. It resembles 

 in appearance small pieces of stone, and those colored like loess take 

 the first place. The latter are employed as a remedy for toothache." 

 Su Sun, in his Tu kin pen ts*ao, remarks that it then occurred among 

 the Western Barbarians (Si Fan), and was traded by merchants. He 

 adds that it was seldom used in the recipes of former times, but that 

 it is now utilized for toothache and regarded as an important remedy in 

 families. 



Li Si-Sen 1 refers to the chapter on the Western Countries (5^ yii 

 ^wan) in the Han Annals, stating that the tree was plentiful in the 

 country Ku-si ^ SP (Turf an). No such statement is made in the 

 Annals of the Han with regard to this country, but, as we have seen, 

 only with reference to San-san. 2 He then gives a brief resume of the 

 matter, setting down the two varieties of "tree-tears" and "stone- 

 tears." 



The Ming Geography mentions hu fun lei as a product of Kami. 

 The Kwan yu ki z notices it as a product of the Chikin Mongols between 

 Su-ou and Sa-ou. The Si yii wen kien lu* written in 1777, states in 

 regard to this tree that it is only good as fuel on account of its crooked 

 growth: hence the natives of Turkistan merely call it odon or otun, 

 which means "wood, fuel" in Turkish. 5 The tree itself is termed in 

 Turkl tograk. 



The Hui k'ian & 6 likewise describes the hu t'un tree of Kami, saying 

 that the Mohammedans use its wood as fuel, but that some with 

 ornamental designs is carved into cases for writing-brushes and into 

 saddles. 



BRETSCHNEiDER 7 has identified this tree with Populus euphratica, 

 the wood of which is used as fuel in Turkistan. It is not known, however, 

 that this tree produces a resin, such as is described by the Chinese. 

 Moreover, this species is distributed through northern China; 8 while 

 all Chinese records, both ancient and modern, speak of the hu fun 



1 Pen ts'ao kan mu, Ch. 34, p. 22. 



2 There is a passage in the Swi kiri cu where the hu t*un is mentioned, and may 

 be referred to Ku-i (CHAVANNES, T'oung Pao, 1905, p. 569). 



3 Above, p. 251. 



4 Ch. 7, p. 9 (WYLIE, Notes on Chinese Literature, p. 64). 



6 This passage has already been translated correctly by W. SCHOTT (Abh. Berl. 

 Ak., 1842, p. 370). It was not quite comprehended by BRETSCHNEIDER (Mediaeval 

 Researches, Vol. II, p. 179), who writes, "The characters hu t'ung here are intended 

 to render a foreign word which means 'fuel'." 



6 Above, p. 230. 



7 Mediaeval Researches, Vol. II, p. 179. 



8 FORBES and HEMSLEY, Journal Linnean Society, Vol. XXVI, p. 536. 



