3 $8 SlNO-lRANICA 



pots and drinking vessels therewith, by which means they insensibly 

 accustom themselves to that strong scent, which we in Europe are 

 hardly able to endure." 



The Chinese understand by the term a-wei products of two different 

 plants. Neither Bretschneider nor Stuart has noted this. Li Si-Sen 1 

 states that " there are two kinds of a-wei, one an herb, the other a 

 tree. The former is produced in Turkistan (Si yu), and can be sun- 

 dried or boiled: this is the kind discussed by Su Kun. The latter is 

 produced among the Southern Barbarians (Nan Fan), and it is the 

 sap of the tree which is taken: this is the kind described by Li Sun, 

 Su Sun, and C'en C'en." Su Kun of the T'ang period reports that 

 11 a-wei grows among the Western Barbarians (Si Fan) and in K'un- 

 lun. 2 Sprouts, leaves, root, and stems strongly resemble the pai li Q 

 3 (Angelica anomald). The root is pounded, and the sap extracted 

 from it is dried in the sun and pressed into cakes. This is the first 

 quality. Cut-up pieces of the root, properly dried, take the second 

 rank. Its prominent characteristic is a rank odor, but it can also stop 

 foul smells; indeed, it is a strange product. The Brahmans say that 

 hiin-kit (Sanskrit hingu, see below) is the same as a-wei, and that the 

 coagulated juice of the root is like glue; also that the root is sliced, 

 dried in the sun, and malodorous. In the western countries (India) 

 its consumption is forbidden. 8 Habitual enjoyment of it is said to do 

 away with foul breath. The barbarians (-$C A) prize it as the Chinese 

 do pepper." This, indeed, relates to the plant or plants yielding asa, 

 and Li Si-Sen comments that its habitat is in Hwo Sou (Qar5-Khoja) 

 and Sa-lu-hai-ya (Shahrokia). 4 Curiously enough, such a typical Iran- 

 ian plant is passed over with silence in the ancient historical texts 

 relative to Sasanian Persia. The only mention of it in the pre-T'ang 

 Annals occurs in the Sui $u b with reference to the country Ts'ao $t 

 north of the Ts'un-lin (identical with the Ki-pin of the Han), while 

 the T'ai p'in hwan yii ki* ascribes a-wei to Ki-pin. 



The Yu yan tsa tsu 7 contains the following account of the product: 



1 Pen ts'ao kan mu, Ch. 34, p. 21. 



2 K'un-lun is given as place of production in the Kwan i, written prior to 

 A.D. 527, but there it is described as the product of a tree (see below). 



8 It was prohibited to the monks of the Mahayana (cf. S. Lvi, Journal asiatiquc, 

 1915, I, p. 87). 



4 BRETSCHNEIDER, Mediaeval Researches, Vol. II, pp. 253, 254, also 193. 

 6 Ch. 83, p. 8 (also in the Pei Si). 



6 Ch. 182, p. 12 b. 



7 Ch. 18, p. 8 b. 



