THE FIG 



42. The fig (Ficus carica) is at present cultivated in the Yang-tse 

 valley as a small, irregular shrub, bearing a fruit much smaller and 

 inferior in quality to the Persian species. 1 According to the Pen ts'ao 

 kan mu, its habitat is Yan-cou (the lower Yang-tse region) and Yun- 

 nan. In his time, Li Si-cen continues, it was cultivated also in Ce- 

 kian, Kian-su, Hu-pei, Hu-nan, Fu-kien, and Kwafi-tun (^ ^ IMJ ) 

 by means of twigs planted in the ground. The latter point is of par- 

 ticular interest in showing that the process of caprification has remained 

 unknown to the Chinese, and, in fact, is not mentioned in their works. 

 The fig is not indigenous to China; but, while there is no information in 

 Chinese records as to the when and how of the introduction, it is per- 

 fectly clear that the plant was introduced from Persia and India, not 

 earlier than the T'ang period. 



The following names for the fig are handed down to us: 



(1) Po-se (Persian) H B o-&, *a-zit(zir) (or M H a-yi, *a-yik), 2 

 corresponds to an Iranian form without n, as still occurs in Kurd heffir 

 or ezir. There is another reading, ^fi tsan, which is not at the outset 

 to be rejected, as has been done by WATTERS S and HiRTH. 4 The Pen 

 ts'ao kan mu 5 comments that the pronunciation of this character (and 

 this is apparently an ancient gloss) should be >!! fru, *dzu, *tsu, *ts'u, 

 so that we obtain *adzu, *atsu, *ats'u. This would correspond to an 

 ancient Iranian form *aju* At any rate, the Chinese transcriptions, in 

 whatever form we may adopt them, have nothing to do with New 

 Persian anjlr, as asserted by Hirth, but belong to an older stage of 

 Iranian speech, the Middle Persian. 



(2) ft H yin-ti* *aii-z"it(r). This is not "apparently a tran- 



1 STUART, Chinese Materia Medica, p. 174. The Ci wu min Si t'u k'ao (Ch. 36, 

 p. 2), however, speaks of the fig of Yun-nan as a large tree. According to F. N. 

 MEYER (Agricultural Explorations in the Orchards of China, p. 47), the fig is grown 

 in northern China only as an exotic, mostly in pots and tubs. In the milder parts of 

 the country large specimens are found here and there in the open. He noticed black 

 and white varieties. They are cultivated in San-hwa ^j? 'ffc in the prefecture of 

 C'an-a, Hu-nan (San hwa hien i, Ch. 16, p. 15 b, ed. 1877), also in the prefecture 

 of Sun-t'ien, Ci-li (Kwan-su Sun t'ienfu ci, Ch. 50, p. 10). 



Yu yan tsa tsu, Ch. 18, p. 13. 



Essays on the Chinese Language, p. 349. 



Journal Am. Or. Soc., Vol. XXX, p. 20. 



Ch. 31, p. 9. 



Pen ts'ao kan mu, Ch. 31, p. 26. 



410 



