THE MALAYAN Po-SE LAC 477 



Po-se $ ST. The tree grows to a height of ten feet, with branches dense 

 and luxuriant. Its leaves resemble those of the Citrus and wither 

 during the winter. In the third month it flowers, the blossoms being 

 white in color. It does not form fruit. When heavy fogs, dew, and 

 rain moisten' the branches of this tree, they produce tse-kun. The en- 

 voys of the country Po-se, Wu-hai J| M and Sa-li-sen & M & by name, 

 agreed in their statement with the envoys from Camboja, who were 

 a & Fun tu wei Jf ttf S$ JtJ 1 and the gramana $g & JS St K Si-sVni- 

 pa-t'o (piganibhadra?). These said, 'Ants transport earth into the 

 ends of this tree, digging nests in it; the ant-hills moistened by rain 

 and dew will harden and form tse-kun.' 2 ' That of the country K'un-lun 

 is the most excellent, while that of the country Po-se ranks next.' " 3 



1 Title of a military officer. 



2 "The gum-lac which comes from Pegu is the cheapest, though it is as good as 

 that of other countries; what causes it to be sold cheaper is that the ants, making 

 it there on the ground in heaps, which are sometimes of the size of a cask, mix with 

 it a quantity of dirt" (TAVERNIER, Travels in India, Vol. II, p. 22). 



3 The story of lacca and the ants producing it was made known in England at 

 the end of the sixteenth century. JOHN GERARDE (The Herball or Generall Historic 

 of Plantes, p. 1349, London, 1597, ist ed; or, enlarged and amended by Thomas 

 Johnson, p. 1533, London, 1633) tells it as follows: "The tree that bringeth forth 

 that excrementall substance, called Lacca, both in the shops of Europe and elsewhere, 

 is called of the Arabians, Persians and Turkes Loc Sumutri, as who should say Lacca 

 of Sumutra : some which have so termed it, have thought that the first plentie thereof 

 came from Sumutra, but herein they have erred; for the abundant store thereof 

 came from Pegu, where the inhabitants thereof do call it Lac, and others of the 

 same province Tree. The history of which tree, according to that famous Herbalist 

 Clusius is as followeth. There is in the countrey of Pegu and Malabar, a great tree, 

 whose leaves are like them of the Plum tree, having many small twiggie branches; 

 when the trunke or body of the tree waxeth olde, it rotteth in sundrie places, wherein 

 do breed certaine great ants or Pismires, which continually worke and labour in the 

 time of harvest and sommer, against the penurie of winter: such is the diligence 

 of these Ants, or such is the nature of the tree wherein they harbour, or both, that 

 they provide for their winter foode, a lumpe or masse of substance, which is of a 

 crimson colour, so beautifull and so faire, as in the whole world the like cannot be 

 seene, which serveth not onely to phisicall uses, but is a perfect and costly colour for 

 Painters, called by us, Indian Lack. The Pismires (as I said) worke out this colour, by 

 sucking the substance or matter of Lacca from the tree, as Bees do make honie and 

 waxe, by sucking the matter thereof from all herbes, trees, and flowers, and the in- 

 habitants of that countrie, do as diligently search for this Lacca, as we in England 

 and other countries, seeke in the woods for honie; which Lacca after they have found, 

 they take from the tree, and drie it into a lumpe; among which sometimes there 

 come over some sticks and peeces of the tree with the wings of the Ants, which have 

 fallen amongst it, as we daily see. The tree which beareth Lacca groweth in Zeilan 

 and Malavar, and in other partes of the East Indies." The second edition of 1633 

 has the following addition, "The Indian Lacke or Lake which is the rich colour used 

 by Painters, is none of that which is used in shops, nor here figured or described by 

 Clusius, wherefore our Author was much mistaken in that he here confounds together 

 things so different; for this is of a resinous substance, and a faint red colour, and 

 wholly unfit for Painters, but used alone and in composition to make the best hard 



