516 SlNO-lRANICA 



character pin has been formed ad hoc, and, as already remarked by 

 Mayers, is written also without the classifier; that is, in a purely pho- 

 netic way. 



86. H>11> se-se, *sit-sit (Japanese sitsu-sitsu) , hypothetical restora- 

 tion *sirsir, a precious stone of Sasanian Persia, which I have discussed 

 at some length in my " Notes on Turquois in the East" (pp. 25-35, 

 45-55, 67-68). For this reason only a brief summary is here given, with 

 some additional information and corrections. I no longer believe that 

 se-se might be connected with Shignan (p. 47) or Arabic jaza (p. 52), but 

 am now convinced that se-se represents the transcription of an Iranian 

 (most probably Sogdian) word, the original of which, however, has not 

 yet been traced. Chinese records leave us in the dark as to the character 

 of the Iranian se-se. It is simply enumerated in a list of precious stones 

 of Persia and Sogdiana (K'afi) , l The T'ang Annals locate the se-se mines 

 to the south-east of the Yaxartes in Sogdiana; 2 and the stones were 

 traded to China by way of Khotan. 3 Possibly the Nestorians were 

 active in bringing to China these stones which were utilized for the 

 decoration of their churches. The same history ascribes columns of 

 se-se to the palaces of Fu-lin (Syria); 4 in this case the question is of a 

 building-stone. In ancient Tibet, se-se formed part of the official costume, 

 being worn by officials of the highest rank in strings suspended from 

 the shoulder. The materials ranking next to this stone were gold, 

 plated silver, silver, and copper, 5 a clear index of the fact that se-se 

 was regarded in Tibet as a precious stone of great value, and surpassing 

 gold. The Tibetan women used to wear beads of this stone in their 

 tresses, and a single bead is said to have represented the equivalent of 

 a noble horse. 6 Hence arose the term ma kia c u $f i *5fc ("pearl or bead 

 equalling a horse in price"). These beads are treated in the Ko ku yao 

 luri 1 as a separate item, and distinct from turquois. 8 



In the T'ang period, se-se stones were also used as ornaments by the 



1 Pei Si, Ch. 97, pp. 7 b, 12; Cou Su, Ch. 50, p. 6; Sui I, Ch. 83, p. 7 b; Wei Su, 

 Ch. 102, pp. 5 a, 9 b. 



2 Tan Su, Ch. 221 B, p. 2 b. 



3 Tan Su, Ch. 221 A, p. lob. 



4 Kiu Tan Su, Ch. 198, p. II b; Tan Su, Ch. 221 B, p. 7 b. 

 6 Tan $u, Ch. 216 A, p. I b (not in Kiu Tan Su). 



6 Sin Wu Tai Si, Ch. 74, p. 4 b. 



7 Ch. 6, p. 5 b. 



8 As justly said by GEERTS (Produits de la nature japonaise et chinoise, p. 481), 

 it is possible that ma kia cu (Japanese bakasu) is merely a synonyme of the emerald. 

 Also in the Pen ts'ao kan mu (Ch. 8, p. 17 b) a distinction is made between the two 

 articles, tien-tse jU -J- being characterized as pij^, ma kia cu as ts'ui z$L. 



