IRANIAN PRECIOUS STONES LAPIS LAZULI 521 



Marco Polo's account. 1 YULE comments as follows: "The mines of 

 Lajwurd (whence 1'Azur and Lazuli) have been, like the ruby mines, 

 celebrated for ages. They He in the upper valley of the Kokcha, called 

 Koran, within the tract called Yamgan, of which the popular etymology 

 is Hamah-Kan, or ' All-Mines,' and were visited by Wood in iS^S. 2 

 The produce now is said to be of very inferior quality, and in quantity 

 from thirty to sixty pud (thirty-six Ibs. each) annually. The best 

 quality sells at Bokhara at thirty to sixty tillas, or 12 /. to 24 I. the pud 

 (Manphul)." 3 In the Dictionary of Four Languages, 4 lapis lazuli is 

 styled ts'in kin $i W & ^; in Tibetan mu-men, Mongol and Manchu 

 nomin. 



The diamond is likewise attributed by the Chinese to Sasanian 

 Persia, and I have formerly shown that several Iranian tribes were 

 acquainted with this precious stone in the beginning of our era. 5 Dia- 

 mond-points were imported from Persia into China under the T'ang 

 dynasty. 6 



89. The first mention of amber in Chinese records is the reference 

 to amber in Ki-pin (Kashmir). 7 Then we receive notice of the occurrence 

 of amber in Ta Ts'in (the Hellenistic Orient) 8 and in Sasanian Persia. 9 

 The correctness of the latter account is confirmed by the Bundahisn, in 

 which the Pahlavi term for amber, kahrupai, is transmitted. 10 This word 

 corresponds to New Persian kahrubd, a compound formed with kdh 

 ("straw") and rubd ("to lift, to attract"). 11 The Arabs derived their 

 kahrubd (first in Ibn el- Abbas) from the Persians; and between the 



1 YULE'S edition, Vol. I, p. 157. / 



2 This refers to WOOD, Journey to the Oxus, p. 263. 



3 See, further, M. BAUER, Precious Stones, p. 442. 



4 Ch. 22, p. 65. 



5 The Diamond, p. 53. 



6 Ta Tan leu tien, Ch. 22, p. 8. 



7 Ts'ien Han $u, Ch. 96 A, p. 5. 



8 In the Wei Ho and Hou Han $u (cf. CHAVANNES, T'oung Pao, 1907, p. 182). 



9 Nan si, Ch. 79, p. 8; Wei su, Ch. 102, p. 5 a; Sui $u, Ch. 83, p. 7 b. The Sui 

 Su has altered the name hu-p'o into $ou-p*o Hfc S|, in order to observe the tabu 

 of the name Hu in Li Hu $: jj^, the father of the founder of the T'ang dynasty. 

 Amber (also coral and silver) is attributed to Mount Ni / \\1 in the country Fu-lu-ni 

 W lit JB to the north of Persia, also to the country Hu-se-mi Pf j[ Jg (Wei Su, 

 Ch. 102, p. 6 b). 



10 WEST, Pahlavi Texts, Vol. I, p. 273. 



11 Analogies occur in all languages: Chinese U-kiai f* 3f* ("attracting mustard- 

 seeds"); Sanskrit Ir.inagrahin ("attracting straw"); Tibetan sbur len or sbur Ion, 

 of the same meaning: French (obsolete) tire-paille. Another Persian word for amber 

 is saihbari. 



