584 SlNO-lRANICA 



remedy." Achtmdow (p. 193) suspects a clerical error for zadwdr 

 (also jadwdr). Skr. nirvisa, vanaharidrd. Cf. above, p. 544. 



31(311). sukkar, P. Sakar, Sakkar, sugar-cane, sugar (Saccharum 

 officinarum). Prakrit and Pali sakkhard, Skr. qarkard. 



32(315). sunbul, P. sunbul-i hindi, Valeriana jatamansi. Skr. 

 jatdmdmsl. 



33(316). satixa, Laurus cassia. Skr. tvaca Cf. No. 22. 



34(324). saqmuniyd, Convolvulus scammonia. "There are three 

 kinds, an Indian, that from Carmgan, and that from Antiochia; the 

 latter being the best, the Indian ranking next. The Indian kind is the 

 gum of Convolvulus (or Ipomcea) turpethum" The latter is Skr. tripufa, 

 or trivft; hence Hindustani tarbud, P. turbid, Arabic turbund. C. scam- 

 monia is a native of Syria, Asia Minor, and Greece, and is cultivated in 

 some parts of India. 



35(333). sdtil. "It is an Indian remedy which resembles a Tuber 

 terrae (fungus), and purges the corrupted humours." It is also called 

 Sdtil and in Persian rolanak. 



36(361). M (M), "Indian quince (Cydonia indica)" In the com- 

 mentary (p. 245), Achundow cites also a Persian bih-i hindi ("Indian 

 quince"), and adds that Schlimmer mentions merely a Cydonia vulgaris. 

 What this Cydonia indica is supposed to be is a mystery: neither Rox- 

 burgh nor Watt knows such an Indian species. A. de Candolle already 

 knew that there is no Sanskrit name for the quince. The Persian quince 

 is mentioned by Abu Mansur (No. 309) as safarjal (P. bih or beh, and obi). 



37(368). sandal (Arabic), andan, Zandal (Persian), sandal-wood 

 (Lignum santalinum). Red (from Pterocarpus santalinus) and white 

 (from Santalum album) are distinguished. Skr. candana. 



38(386). tdllsfar, alleged to be Myristica moschata; on p. 247, how- 

 ever, Achundow withdraws this interpretation. According to Daud, it 

 is the bark of the mulberry coming from the Dekkan. The word, at all 

 events, appears to be Indian: cf. Skr. tdUqapattra, "leaf of Flacourtia 

 cataphracta." 



$9(422). julful, sAsofilfil, black pepper (Piper nigrum). Skr. pippali, 

 marica. 



40(434). fufal, P. pupal, areca-nut palm (Areca catechu). Skr. 

 pugaphala; Singhalese puvak. 



41(450). qust, P. kustj Costus amarus or speciosus (cf. also p. 254). 

 Skr. kutfha, idem and Saussurea lappa. 



42(456). qdqula, P. hll-i buzurg, grains of paradise seeds, greater seeds 

 of cardamom (Amomum granum paradisi, or melegueta). 



43(457). qaranful, P. mexak, cloves (Caryophyllus aromaticus). Skr. 

 lavanga. 



