PINACE.E 



37 





fully grown, becoming light reddish brown and lustrous at maturity, beginning to fall a<* 

 soon as the scales open in the autumn or early winter, and generally disappearing from the 

 branches the following summer; seeds dark brown, about ' long, with short broad wings 

 full and rounded above the middle. 



A tree, usually 70-80 and occasionally 100 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, 

 branches long-persistent on the stem and clothing it to the ground, forming a narrow 

 rather conical head, or soon disappearing below from trees crowded in the forest, stout 

 pubescent light green branchlets, becoming bright reddish brown or orange-brown during 

 their first winter, gla- 

 brous the following 

 year, and covered in 

 their third or fourth 

 year with scaly bark. 

 Winter-buds ovoid, 

 acute, ~ long, with 

 light reddish brown 

 scales. Bark \'-%' 

 thick, and broken into 

 thin closely appressed 

 irregularly shaped red- 

 brown scales. Wood 

 light, soft, close- 

 grained, not strong, 

 pale slightly tinged 

 with red, with paler Fig. 40 



sapwood usually about 



2' thick; largely manufactured into lumber in the northeastern states, Pennsylvania, and 

 Virginia, and used for the flooring and construction of houses, for the sounding-boards 

 of musical instruments, and in the manufacture of paper-pulp. 



Distribution. Well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, often forming a large part of 

 extensive forests, from Prince Edward Island and the valley of the St. Lawrence southward 

 to the coast of Massachusetts, along the interior hilly part of New England, New York, 

 and northern Pennsylvania and on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains at elevations 

 above 2500 feet from West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. 



Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe as an ornamental tree, but 

 growing in cultivation more slowly than any other Spruce-tree. 



3. Picea glauca Voss. White Spruce. 

 Picea canadensis B. S. P. 



Leaves crowded on the upper side of the branches by the twisting of those on the lower 

 side, incurved, acute or acuminate with rigid callous tips, pale blue and hoary when 

 they first appear, becoming dark blue-green or pale blue, marked on each of the 4 sides 

 by 3 or 4 rows of stomata, i'-f long. Flowers: male pale red, soon appearing yellow 

 from the thick covering of pollen; female oblong-cylindric, with round nearly entire pale 

 red or yellow-green scales, broader than long, and nearly orbicular denticulate bracts. 

 Fruit nearly sessile or borne on short thin straight stems, oblong-cylindric, slendef, 

 slightly narrowed to the ends, rather obtuse at apex, usually about 2' long, pale green 

 sometimes tinged with red when fully grown, becoming at maturity pale brown and lus- 

 trous, with nearly orbicular scales, rounded, truncate, and slightly emarginate, or rarely 

 narrowed at apex, and very thin, flexible and elastic at maturity, usually deciduous in 

 the autumn or during the following winter; seeds about f long, pale brown, with narrow 

 wings gradually widened from the base to above the middle and very oblique at the apex. 



A treev with disagreeable smelling foliage, rarely more than 60-70 tall, with a trunk 



