42 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA 



ticulate bracts; deciduous mostly during their first autumn and winter; seeds full and 

 rounded, acute at the base, pale reddish brown, about f ' long, with narrow oblong slightly 

 oblique wings i'-f ' in length. 



A tree, usually about 100 high, with a conspicuously tapering trunk often 3-4 in 

 diameter above its strongly buttressed and much-enlarged base, occasionally 200 tall, 

 with a trunk 15-16 in diameter, horizontal branches forming an open loose pyramid and 



on older trees clothed 

 with slender pendant la- 

 teral branches frequent- 

 ly 2-3 long, and stout 

 rigid glabrous branch- 

 lets pale green at first, 

 becoming dark or light 

 orange-brown during 

 their first autumn and 

 winter and finally dark 

 gray-brown; at the ex- 

 treme northwestern lim- 

 its of its range occa- 

 sionally reduced to a 

 low shrub. Winter-buds 

 ovoid, acute or conical, 

 \'-%' long, with pale 

 Fig- 45 chestnut-brown acute 



scales, often tipped with 



short points and more or less reflexed above the middle. Bark l'-|' thick and broken 

 on the surface into large thin loosely attached dark red-brown or on young trees some- 

 times bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, light 

 brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood; largely manufactured into lum- 

 ber used in the interior finish of buildings, for fencing, boat-building, aeroplanes, cooper- 

 age, wooden- ware, and packing-cases. 



Distribution. Moist sandy, often swampy soil, or less frequently at the far north on 

 wet rocky slopes, from the eastern end of Kadiak Island, southward through the coast 

 region of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to Mendocino County, 

 California; in Washington, occasionally ranging inland to the upper valley of the Nesqually 

 River. 



Often planted in western and central Europe and occasionally in the middle Atlantic 

 states as an ornamental tree. 



4. TSUGA Carr. Hemlock. 



Tall pyramidal trees, with deeply furrowed astringent bark bright cinnamon-red except 

 on the surface, soft pale wood, nodding leading shoots, slender scattered horizontal often 

 pendulous branches, the secondary branches three or four times irregularly pinnately rami- 

 fied, with slender round glabrous or pubescent ultimate divisions, the whole forming grace- 

 ful pendant masses of foliage, and minute winter-buds. Leaves flat or angular, obtuse 

 and often emarginate or acute at apex, spirally disposed, usually appearing almost 2- 

 ranked by the twisting of their petioles, those on the upper side of the branch then much 

 shorter than the others, abruptly narrowed into short petioles jointed on ultimately woody 

 persistent bases, with stomata on the lower surface; on one species not 2-ranked, and of 

 nearly equal length, with stomata on both surfaces. Flowers solitary, the male in the 

 axils of leaves of the previous year, globose, composed of numerous subglobose anthers, 

 with connectives produced into short gland-like tips, the female terminal, erect, with 

 nearly circular scales slightly longer or shorter than their membranaceous bracts. Fruit 



