PINACE.E 79 



black, or red strobile formed by the coalition of the flower-scales, inclosed in a membra- 

 naceous skin covered with a glaucous bloom, ripening during the first, second, or rarely 

 during the third season, smooth or marked by the ends of the flower-scales, or by the pointed 

 tips of the ovules, closed, or open at the top and exposing the apex of the seeds. Seeds 

 1-12, ovoid, acute or obtuse, terete or variously angled, often longitudinally grooved by 

 depressions caused by the pressure of resin-cells in the flesh of the fruit, smooth or rough- 

 ened and tuberculate, chestnut-brown, marked below by the large conspicuous usually 

 2-lobed hilum; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thick and bony, the inner thin, membra- 

 naceous or crustaceous; cotyledons 2, or 4-6, about as long as the superior radicle. 



Juniperus is widely scattered over the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the 

 highlands of Mexico, Lower California, and the West Indies in the New World, and to the 

 Azores and Canary Islands, northern Africa, Abyssinia, the mountains of east tropical 

 Africa, Sikkim, central China, Formosa, Japan and the Bonin Islands in the Old World. 

 About thirty -five species are now distinguished. Of the exotic species cultivated in the 

 United States the most common are European forms of Juniperus communis L. with fas- 

 tigiate branches, and dwarf forms of the European Juniperus Sabina L., and of Juniperus 

 chinensis L. 



Juniperus is the classical name of the Juniper. 



CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 



Flowers axillary; stamens decussate; ovules 3, alternate with the scales of the flower, their 

 tips persistent on the fruit; seeds usually 3; leaves ternate, linear-lanceolate, prickle- 

 pointed, jointed at the base, eglandular, dark yellow-green, channeled, -stomatose, and 

 glaucous above; fruit maturing in the third year, subglobose, bright blue, covered with 

 a glaucous bloom; buds scaly (Oxycedrus). 1. J. communis. 



Flowers terminal on short axiliary branchlets; stamens decussate or in 3's; ovules in the 

 axils of small fleshy scales often enlarged and conspicuous on the fruit; seeds 1-12; 

 leaves ternate or opposite, mostly scale-like, crowded, generally closely appressed, 

 free and awl-shaped on vigorous shoots and young plants; buds naked (Sabina.) 

 Fruit red or reddish brown. 



Bark of the trunk separating into long thin persistent scales; fruit maturing in one 



season. 

 Leaves closely appressed to the branchlet, obtusely pointed. 



Leaves conspicuously glandular-pitted, ternate or opposite; fruit red, subglobose, 

 \' in diameter. 2. J. Pinchotii (C, H). 



Leaves eglandular or slightly glandular; fruit reddish brown. 



Leaves ternate, rarely opposite; fruit short-oblong, \'-\' in diameter. 



3. J. californica (G). 



Leaves opposite, rarely ternate; fruit subglobose, i'-j', in one form f in 

 diameter. 4. J. utahensis (F, G). 



Leaves not closely appressed, spreading at the apex, long-pointed, glandular or 

 eglandular; fruit subglobose, \'-\' in diameter. 5. J. flaccida (L). 



Bark of the trunk divided into thick nearly square plates; leaves eglandular or oc- 

 casionally glandular-pitted; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, \' in diameter, ripen- 

 ing at the end of its second season. 6. C. pachyphlaea (H). 

 Fruit blue or blue-black, with resinous juicy flesh, subglobose to short-oblong, iV~i' m 



diameter; seeds, 1-4; cotyledons 2. 



Leaves denticulately fringed, opposite or ternate; fruit maturing in one season. 

 Branchlets about -% in diameter; leaves acute, conspicuously glandular; fruit short- 



oblong, \'-\' in diameter; seeds 2 or 3. 7. J. occidental's (B. G). 



Branchlets not more than % in Diameter; leaves usually ternate; fruit short-oblong. 

 Seeds 1 or rarely 2, pale chestnut-brown, obtuse, prominently ridged; leaves 

 acute or acuminate, usually glandular. 8. J. monosperma (F). 



