234 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA 



hoary tomentose below when they unfold, soon glabrous with the exception of the last 

 leaves of vigorous summer shoots, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green above, light 

 green and lustrous below, 3'-4' long and I'-lf ' wide; petioles stout, glabrous, about iV in 

 length. Flowers: staminate aments pale pubescent, 4'-5' long; androgynous aments 

 pubescent, as long or rather longer with ten or twelve involucres of pistillate flowers below 

 the middle, often only the lowest being fertilized. Fruit: involucre 1-seeded, subglobose 

 to short-oblong, pale tomentose, f to lj' in diameter, covered with stout pubescent scat- 

 tered spines divided at base into numerous branches; nut ovoid, terete, acute, dark chest- 

 nut-brown, lustrous, f ' to nearly f in length. 



A tree occasionally 40-45 high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, small 

 irregularly spreading branches forming a narrow head, and slender glabrous or rarely pilose 

 red-brown branchlets; more often a shrub sometimes with broader obovoid leaves some- 

 times puberulous on the lower surface. 



Dry sandy soil; coast of North Carolina, near Wrightsville, New Hanover County; 

 Dover, near the Ogechee River, Screven County, Georgia; Jacksonville, Duval County, 

 and Panama City on Saint Andrew's Bay, Bay County, Florida; near Selma, Dallas 

 County, Alabama; and Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. 



A tree only on the shores of Saint Andrew's Bay. 





 3. CASTANOPSIS Spach. 



Trees, with scaly bark, astringent wood, and winter-buds covered by numerous im- 

 bricated scales. Leaves convolute in the bud, 5-ranked, coriaceous, entire or dentate, 

 penniveined, persistent; stipules obovate or lanceolate, scarious, mostly caducous. Flow- 

 ers in 3-flowered cymes, or the pistillate rarely solitary or in pairs, in the axils of minute 

 bracts, on slender erect aments from the axils of leaves of the year; the staminate on 

 usually elongated and panicled aments, and composed of a campanulate 5 or 6-lobed or 

 parted calyx, the lobes inbricated in the bud, usually 10 or 12 stamens inserted on the 

 slightly thickened torus, with elongated exserted filiform filaments and oblong anthers, 

 and a minute hirsute rudimentary ovary; the pistillate on shorter simple or panicled aments 

 or scattered at the base of the staminate inflorescence, the cymes surrounded by an in- 

 volucre of imbricated scales; calyx urn-shaped, the short limb divided into 6 obtuse lobes; 

 abortive stamens inserted on the limb of the calyx and opposite its lobes; ovary sessile on 

 the thin disk, 3-celled after fecundation, with 3 spreading styles terminating in minute 

 stigmas, and 2 ovules in each cell attached to its interior angle. Fruit maturing at the end 

 of the second or rarely of the first season, its involucre inclosing 1-3 nuts, ovoid or glo- 

 bose, sometimes more or less depressed, rarely obscurely angled, dehiscent or indehiscent, 

 covered by stout spines, tuberculate or marked by interrupted vertical ridges; nut more 

 or less angled by mutual pressure when more than 1, often pilose, crowned with the rem- 

 nants of the style, marked at the base by a large conspicuous circular depressed scar, the 

 thick shell tomentose on the inner surface. Seed usually solitary by abortion, bearing 

 at apex the abortive ovules; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy, farinaceous. 



Castanopsis inhabits California with two species, and southeastern Asia where it is 

 distributed with about twenty-five species from southern China to the Malay Archipelago 

 and the eastern Himalayas. Of the California species one is usually arborescent and 

 the other Castanopsis sempervirens Dudley is a low alpine shrub of the coast ranges and the 

 Sierra Nevada. 



Castanopsis, from Kaerava and 6\f/ts, in allusion to its resemblance to the Chestnut-tree. 



1. Castanopsis chrysophylla A. DC. Chinquapin. Golden-leaved Chestnut. 

 Leaves lanceolate or oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed at the ends or sometimes ab- 

 ruptly contracted at apex into a short broad point, entire with slightly thickened revolute 

 margins, when they unfold thin, coated below with golden yellow persistent scales and 

 above with scattered white scales, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and 



