ULMACE.E 309 



less deeply notched at apex, and often marked by the thickened line of the union of the 

 two carpels. Seed ovoid, compressed, without albumen, marked op the ventral edge by 

 the thin raphe; testa membranaceous, light or dark chestnut-brown, of two coats, rarely 

 produced into a narrow wing; embryo erect; cotyledons flat or slightly convex, much 

 longer than the superior radicle turned toward the oblong linear pale hilum. 



Ulmus, with eighteen or twenty species, is widely distributed through the boreal and 

 temperate regions of the northern hemisphere with the exception of western North Amer- 

 ica, reaching in the New World the mountains of southern Mexico and in the Old World 

 the Sikkim Himalaya, western China, and Japan. Of the exotic species, Ulmus iprocera 

 Salisb., the so-called English Elm, and Ulmus glabra, Huds., the Scotch Elm, and several of 

 its varieties, have been largely planted for shade and ornament in the north Atlantic 

 states, where old and large specimens of the former can be seen, especially in the neighbor- 

 hood of Boston. 



Ulmus produces heavy, hard, tough, light-colored wood, often difficult to split. The 

 tough inner bark of some of the species is made into ropes or woven into coarse cloth, and 

 in northern China nourishing mucilaginous food is prepared from the inner bark. 



Ulmus is the classical name of the Elm- tree. 



CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 



Flowers vernal, appearing before the leaves. 



Flowers on slender drooping pedicels; fruit ciliate on the margins. 

 Wing of the fruit broad. 



Bud-scales and fruit glabrous; branchlets destitute of corky wings; leaves obovate- 



oblong to elliptic, usually smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower 



surface. 1. U. americana (A, C). 



Bud-scales puberulous; branches often furnished with corky wings; fruit hirsute; 



leaves obovate to oblong, smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower 



surface. 2. U. racemosa (A). 



Wing of the fruit narrow; bud-scales glabrous or slightly puberulous; branchlets 



usually furnished with broad corky wings; fruit hirsute, leaves ovate-oblong 



to oblong-lanceolate, smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface. 



3. U. alata (A, C). 



Flowers on short pedicels; fruit naked on the margins; bud-scales coated with rusty 



hairs; fruit pubescent, leaves ovate-oblong, scabrous on the upper, pubescent on 



the lower surface. 4. U. fulva (A, C). 



Flowers autumnal, appearing in the axils of leaves of the year; branchlets furnished with 



corky wings; fruit hirsute. 



Bud-scales puberulous; flowers on short pedicels; leaves ovate, scabrous on the 

 upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface. 5. U. crassifolia (C). 



Bud-scales glabrous; flowers on long pedicels; leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, 

 acuminate, glabrous on the upper, pale and puberulous on the lower surface. 



6. U. serotina (C). 



1. Ulmus americana L. White Elm. 



Leaves obovate-oblong to elliptic, abruptly narrowed at apex into a long point, full and 

 rounded at base on one side and shorter and cuneate on the other, coarsely doubly serrate 

 with slightly incurved teeth, when they unfold coated below with pale pubescence and 

 pilose above with long scattered white hairs, at maturity 4'-6' long, l'-3' wide, dark green 

 and glabrous or scarbate above, pale and soft-pubescent or sometimes glabrous below, 

 with a narrow pale midrib and numerous slender straight primary veins running to the 

 points of the teeth and connected by fine cross veinlets; turning bright clear yellow in the 

 autumn before falling; petioles stout, \' in length; stipules linear-lanceolate, '-2' long. 

 Flowers on long slender drooping pedicels sometimes 1' in length, in 3 or 4-flowered short- 



