312 



TREES OF NORTH AMERICA 



divided by wide irregular interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface 

 into large irregularly shaped scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close- 

 grained, light clear brown often tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood; 

 largely employed in the manufacture of many agricultural implements, for the framework 

 of chairs, hubs of wheels, railway-ties, the sills of buildings, and other purposes demanding 

 toughness, solidity and flexibility. 



Distribution. Dry gravelly uplands, low heavy clay soils, rocky slopes and river 

 cliffs; Province of Quebec westward through Ontario, the southern peninsula of Michi- 

 gan and central Wisconsin to northeastern Nebraska, western Missouri and eastern Kansas, 

 and southward to northern New Hampshire, southern Vermont, western New York, 

 (valley of the Genessee River), northern New Jersey, southern Ohio (near Columbus, 

 Franklin County), and central Indiana; rare in the east and toward the extreme west- 

 ern and southern limits of its range. 



Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the northern states. 



3. Ulmus alata Michx. Wahoo. Winged Elm. 



Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, acute or acuminate, 

 unequally cuneate or rounded or subcordate at base, and coarsely doubly serrate with 



Fig. 284 



incurved teeth, when they unfold pale green often tinged with red, coated on the lower 

 surface with soft white pubescence and glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, at ma- 

 turity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green and smooth above, pale and soft-pubes- 

 cent below, especially on the stout yellow midrib and numerous straight prominent veins 

 often forked near the margins of the leaf and connected by rather conspicuous reticulate 

 veinlets; turning yellow in the autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent, $' in length; stipules 

 linear-obovate, thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, often nearly 1' long. 

 Flowers on drooping pedicels, in short few-flowered fascicles; calyx glabrous and divided 

 nearly to the middle into 5 broad ovate rounded lobes as long as the hoary-tomentose ovary 

 raised on a short slender stipe. Fruit ripening before or with the unfolding of the leaves, 

 oblong, \' in length, contracted at base into a long slender stalk, gradually narrowed and 

 tipped at apex with long incurved awns, and covered with long white hairs most numer- 

 ous on the thickened margin of the narrow wing; seed ovoid, pointed, \' long, pale, chest- 

 nut-brown, slightly thickened into a narrow wing-like margin. 



A tree, occasionally 80-100 but usually not more than 40-50 high, with a trunk 2-3 

 in diameter, short stout straight or erect branches forming a narrow oblong rather open 



