314 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA 



short rounded thin equal lobes; stamens with slender light yellow slightly flattened fila- 

 ments and dark red anthers; stigmas slightly exserted, reddish purple, papillose with soft 

 white hairs. Fruit ripening when the leaves are about half grown, semiorbicular, rounded 

 and bearing the remnants of the styles or slightly emarginate at apex, rounded or cuneate 

 at base, \' broad, the seminal cavity coated with thick rusty brown tomentum, the broad 

 thin wing obscurely reticulate-veined, naked on the thickened margin, and marked by 

 the dark conspicuous horizontal line of union of the two carpels; seed ovoid, with a large 

 oblique pale hilum, a light chestnut-brown coat produced into a thin border wider below 

 than above the middle of the seed. 



A tree, 60-70 high, with a trunk occasionally 2 in diameter, spreading branches form- 

 ing a broad open flat-topped head, and stout branchlets bright green, scabrate, and coated 

 with soft pale pubescence when they first appear, becoming light brown by midsummer, 

 often roughened by small pale lenticels, and in their first winter ashy gray, orange 

 color or light red-brown, and marked by large elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars showing 

 the ends of 3 conspicuous equidistant fibro-vascular bundles, ultimately dark gray or 

 brown. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, \' long, with about 12 scales, the outer broadly ovate, 

 rounded, dark chestnut-brown, and covered by long scattered rusty hairs, the inner when 

 fully grown \' long, \'-\' wide, light green, strap-shaped, rounded and tipped at the apex 

 with tufts of rusty hairs, puberulous on the outer surface, slightly ciliate on the margins, 

 gradually growing narrower and passing into the stipules of the upper leaves. Bark 

 frequently 1' thick, dark brown tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures and covered 

 by large thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, durable, 

 easy to split, dark brown or red, with thin lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fence- 

 posts, railway-ties, the sills of buildings, the hubs of w r heels, and in agricultural implements. 

 The thick fragrant inner bark is mucilaginous and demulcent, and is employed in the treat- 

 ment of acute febrile and inflammatory affections. 



Distribution. Banks of streams and low rocky hillsides in deep rich soil; comparatively 

 common in the valley of the St. Lawrence River, Province of Quebec, and through Ontario 

 to northern and eastern South Dakota, northeastern and eastern Nebraska, southeastern 

 Kansas, and Oklahoma to the valley of the Canadian River (McClain County), and south- 

 ward to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, western Louisiana and the 

 valley of the upper Guadalupe (Kerr County) and Leon Rivers (Comal County), Texas; 

 in the South Atlantic states not common and mostly confined to the middle districts, as- 

 cending to altitudes of 2000 on the southern Appalachian foothills. 



5. Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. Cedar Elm. . 



Leaves elliptic to ovate, acute or rounded at apex, unequally rounded or cuneate and of- 

 ten oblique at base, coarsely and unequally doubly serrate with callous-tipped teeth, when 

 they unfold thin, light green tinged with red, pilose above and covered below with soft 

 pale pubescence, at maturity thick and subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and roughened 

 by crowded minute sharp-pointed tubercles on the upper surface and soft pubescent on 

 the lower surface, l'-2' long, \'-V wide, with a stout yellow midrib, and prominent straight 

 veins connected by conspicuous more or less reticulate cross veinlets; usually turning bright 

 yellow late in the autumn; petioles stout, tomentose, \'-\' in length; stipules \' long, 

 linear-lanceolate, red and scarious above, clasping the stem by their green and hairy bases, 

 deciduous when the leaves are about half grown. Flowers usually opening in August and 

 sometimes also in October, on slender pedicels \'-\' long and covered with white hairs, 

 in 3-5-flowered pedunculate fascicles; calyx divided to below the middle into oblong pointed 

 lobes hairy at base; ovary hirsute, crowned with two short slightly exserted stigmas. 

 Fruit ripening in September and rarely also in November, oblong, gradually and often irregu- 

 larly narrowed from the middle to the ends, short-stalked, deeply notched at apex, ' to 

 nearly \' long, covered with soft white hairs, most abundant on the slightly thickened mar- 

 gin of the broad wing; seed oblique, pointed, and covered by a dark chestnut-brown coat. 



A tree, often 80 high, with a tall straight trunk 2-3 in diameter, sometimes free of 



