186 



ZOOLOGY. 



modifications might be detected and foretold. This led to the 

 theory, that the brain is not exactly one organ, but an assemblage 

 of many, to each of which was assigned its own functions, its 

 own share in the phenomena of the intellectual and social life of 

 man. On this doctrine was founded the celebrated phrenological 

 doctrine of Gall, who endeavoured, by the inspection of the 

 cranium, to decide on human character. Certain singular facts 

 and coincidences appeared to favour this doctrine of the locali- 



Fig. 139. Kespective Dimensions of the Cranium and Face.* 



zation of the human intellectual faculties, but others equally 

 remarkable are quite opposed to it. 



With regard to the instinctive faculties, which are so remark- 

 able in some of the lowest animals, no relation can be discovered 



* Vertical section of the cranium and upper jaw, left side, seen from 

 within. Besides showing the anatomical details of these extensive and com- 

 plex osseous surf aces, the section is a valuable one, physiologically : it enables 

 the student to compare the area of the cerebral and cerebellar cavities with 

 the area of the face, or at least of the upper jaw ; the relation therefore which 

 the encephalon has to the organs of sense. It displays also the position of 

 the brain to the face, pharynx, and vertebral column, although these last are 

 not present in the figure. d, the osseous palate ; e t inferior meatus of the 

 nostrils ; m, middle meatus ; I, a portion of the perpendicular lamina of the 

 ethmoid ; a, points to the frontal sinuses ; c, crista galli ; k, grooves for the 

 branches of the middle meningeal artery ; J, posterior clinoid processes ; 

 h, foramen ovale ; i, groove for the left lateral sinus ; s, is placed near the 

 section of the foramen magnum ; f, styloid process of the temporal bone. 

 From the Manual of Anatomy, by R. Knox. 



