HISTORICAL TESTIMONY. 159 



If we analyze the results attained with this 

 most celebrated family during this period we 

 will feel no surprise that Mr. Bates should have 

 paused and deeply considered the situation, 

 and finally concluded that it was high time to 

 make a radical change in his methods. He 

 had begun with Duchess 1st, purchased of Mr. 

 Charles Colling, a cow full of the blood of 

 Favorite, and he at once began a system of 

 inbreeding. Duchesses 2d and 3d were by Ket- 

 ton (709), Duchesses 4th and -5th by Ketton 2d 

 (710), and Duchess 6th by Ketton 3d (349). It 

 would appear that already the necessity for new 

 blood was seen, for Duchesses 7th, 8th, and 9th 

 were by Marske (418), purchased at the Ketton 

 sale, and Duchess llth was by Young Marske 

 (419). Duchess 10th was by Cleveland, and 

 Duchesses 12th to 16th, inclusive, by The Earl 

 (646), and the 17th by 3d Earl (1514), thus 

 making a return to inbreeding. In like man- 

 ner the 20th and 22d were by 2d Earl (1511). 

 The half outcross of 2d Hubback is first to be 

 seen in the 18th and 19th Duchesses, and then, 

 indicating the strong sense of the necessity of 

 a cessation of direct inbreeding, follow Duch- 

 esses 24th to 32d solidly by 2d Hubback. But 

 the half measure was not enough. We have 

 already seen that twenty-eight of the calves of 

 1831 died that year, and 2d Hubback was nearly 

 related to the rest of the herd as well as to the 



