162 CATTLE-BREEDING. 



when the bull Holker was used through him a 

 return was made to the blood of 2d Hubback, 

 which was now become an outcross owing to 

 the outcrosses used between 2d Hubback and 

 this descendant of his. Then, too, there was the 

 Young Alicia cross in Lord Barrington (9308), 

 the sire of Duchess 58th. It is evident that 

 Mr. Bates never permitted himself to fall back 

 into the error of his early breeding, but under 

 the dominant influence of his superlative ap- 

 preciation of his own stock used them as exclu- 

 sively as he dared, and warily and tentatively 

 mixed and mingled his strains of blood from 

 1838 to the close of his career as a breeder in 

 1849. The view expressed by Mr. Darwin, here- 

 tofore assented to in a general way, might ad- 

 vantageously be modified to some such state- 

 ment as the following: Mr. Bates' breeding 

 falls into three periods. The first, from 1810 to 

 1831, covering about twenty-one years, was his 

 period of tutelage, in which he was largely 

 governed by the theories then dominant, and 

 in which he was engaged in making trial of 

 those theories. This period is characterized by 

 deep inbreeding in its early years, and in its 

 later years by insufficient recoil from it. The 

 second period, from 1831 to 1838 the period of 

 .his greatest independence of action was one 

 of strong and varied outbreeding, and during 

 these years he made his herd capable of gather- 



