GRADE BREEDING. 203 



"grade," in engineering parlance. But of course 

 no analogy ever quite exactly fits, and so if we 

 run on after our analogy here we will only 

 obscure the idea which we wish to elucidate. 

 The process itself is simple enough, and the 

 object and its raison d'etre equally obvious. 



The improved breeds are all of much higher 

 excellence in their special spheres than are the 

 best of native stocks in an unimproved con- 

 dition. They are thoroughly adapted to the 

 demands of the varied life of man, and the stock 

 raisers who are the purveyors to those demands 

 whenever they are alive to their own best 

 interests are eager to avail themselves of the 

 excellences which these breeds possess. There 

 are not, however, nearly enough animals of 

 these improved breeds to supply the demand 

 for man's use. If the pure-bred Herefords, 

 Short-horns and Angus should be devoted to 

 supplying the beef trade they would in a short 

 time all be slaughtered and cease to exist. They 

 are only as yet numerous enough to supply the 

 demand for cattle for fancy breeding as opposed 

 to market breeding; that is to say, for breeding 

 purposes as opposed to consumption. But there 

 must be some practical basis of utility outside 

 and beyond this mere breeding to give it an ob- 

 ject and to give the stock a market value. For 

 value is made up of two elements, the first 

 of which is utility, and the second cost, or the 



