332 CATTLE-BREEDING. 



birth, and always with gentleness coupled 

 with firmness. The bull calves should espe- 

 cially be dealt with in the most careful way, 

 never being struck or kicked and handled only 

 in the kindest way. There need never be any 

 trouble with an animal that is begun with early 

 enough and dealt with kindly and firmly. 

 Every calf should be thoroughly halter-broken 

 before it is strong enough to make any serious 

 resistance, and taught thus early that the pro- 

 cess is one which involves nothing either of 

 pain or discomfort, but is a mere concomitant 

 of every-day life. Then when a calf is sold, or 

 is to be exhibited, it will not require half a dozen 

 men and a "battle royal" to get the calf to go 

 anywhere. All of which means that the calf 

 is neither contrary nor stubborn but utterly 

 ignorant of what it is wanted to do, and too 

 frightened to know how to do anything but 

 make wild and totally blind efforts to escape. 

 Instead of the calf being to blame it is the 

 owner who has neglected its proper training 

 and entailed on it and himself this wild and 

 senseless struggle. Submission is a matter of 

 education and may be carried to any point that 

 the owner may desire, provided that he begins 

 early enough and proceeds with sufficient firm- 

 ness and method. And the more absolute the 

 submission on the part of the animal the 

 smaller the amount of friction and the better 



