MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN THE PLANT 131 



on the upper surface. If water happens to lie upon the upper leaf surface 

 gas bubbles are observed to be given off rapidly on sunny days, these bubbles 

 arising from the stomata and from any chance openings in the surface of the 

 petiole. This evolution of gas is so violent at times that the water appears to be 

 boiling. This phenomenon is unrelated to life processes, since it occurs also with 

 dead leaves. A similar elimination of gas may be artificially produced by a special 

 arrangement. This consists of a cylindrical porous clay cell filled with finely 

 powdered chalk, or simply with air. A glass tube is inserted through a stopper 

 closing the open end; this tube corresponds to the petiole of the Nelumbium 

 leaf, while the cell corresponds to the leaf-blade. The porous cell is first dipped 

 in water and is then supported obliquely, the tube ending in a vessel of 

 water below. When the clay cell is heated, gas is given out in large quantities 

 from the open end of the glass tube. This gas is air, practically saturated with 

 water vapor. Frequently the volume of gas thus eliminated is as much as 

 forty times as great as that of the cell itself, so that gas must enter the cell 

 through the porous wall during the experiment. This phenomenon is caused 

 by unequal heating, both in the case of the porous clay cell and in that of the 

 Nelumbium leaf. a 



The underground portions of many plants growing in submerged, swampy, 

 or poorly aerated soils, 6 possess root outgrowths that grow upward into the air 



° Ohno found the pressure under which gas escapes from Nelumbo leaves to rise sometimes 

 to more than 40 mm. of a mercury column. The explanation is somewhat complicated. The 

 gas pressure outside the clay chamber is due to a large partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen 

 and a very much smaller one of water vapor, the magnitude of the latter depending upo.n 

 the humidity of the air. The conditions are reversed on the inside, where the larger partial 

 pressure is due to water vapor and that due to the other gases of the air is smaller. The wet 

 porous clay wall, being permeable to the other gases as well as water, movement takes place 

 in both directions; water moves outward and evaporates, and nitrogen and oxygen diffuse 

 inward. Since there is an excess of liquid water, the partial pressure of water vapor on the 

 inside remains constant in spite of the outward movement. Also, the water vapor that evap- 

 orates from the external surface of the porous clay is quickly removed from the vicinity by air 

 currents, so that the partial gas pressure due to water vapor on the outside also remains nearly 

 constant. The external partial pressure of nitrogen and oxygen is also constant, in spite 

 of the inward diffusion, for there is here an excess of these gases and the whole atmosphere is 

 available. But, as these gases diffuse into the chamber they raise the partial pressure of 

 non-aqueous gases within, and so increase the total gas pressure on the inside. Since the cham- 

 ber opens to the outside through the tube, this internal gas pressure can never rise much above 

 what it was at the start, for bubbles escape from the open end of the tube. The arrangement is 

 a sort of osmometer, with a concentrated solution of water vapor in the other gases on the inside 

 and a very dilute solution of the same sort on the outside, the wet wall being more permeable 

 to nitrogen and oxygen than to water vapor. A relatively large amount of water vapor is 

 contained in the gas that exudes from the tube. The heating of the tube seems to accelerate 

 the process partly because it tends to remove the water vapor as it evaporates from the tube, so 

 as to keep the external partial pressure of the other air gases near its original high value. It 

 thus acts like a stirrer in an osmometer cell, which keeps the internal solution from becoming 

 too much diluted next to the membrane. Also, at higher temperature the vapor pressure of 

 water inside the chamber is higher. — Ed. 



6 These structures (called "knees") are characteristic of Taxodium distichum (bald cypress), 

 of the swamps of the southeastern United States. For an excellent photograph showing these 

 see: Schimper-Fisher, 1903. [See note k, p. ior.] Fig. 48, facing p. 74.- — Ed. 



